How to Use the Italian Verb Avere

Besides being a foundational verb in its own right, the Italian verb avere, or to have in English, has a particularly important role in Italian as an auxiliary verb. This second-conjugation irregular verb facilitates—together with partner essere—all compound tenses of all modes of all verbs: avere for many transitive and intransitive verbs, and essere for reflexive verbs, verbs of movement, and many other intransitive verbs as well. You would not be able to say that you ate a sandwich (ho mangiato un panino), you slept well (ho dormito bene!), you loved your dog (ho voluto molto bene al mio cane), or that you had hoped to learn Italian (avevo sperato di imparare litaliano!) without the verb avere (together, of course, with past participles). Here, though, we want to tell you about the other special ways in which the verb avere is fundamental to the expression of living in Italian. Expressing a Feeling Avere is used to express a series of important feelings, many of which are rendered in English with the verb to be or to feel and that are used very frequently. At the top of the list is the expression of a desire to do something: avere voglia di, or non avere voglia di. For example: Ho voglia di mangiare una pizza (I feel like eating a pizza); non abbiamo voglia di andare al cinema (we dont feel like going to the movies); mia figlia non ha voglia di andare a scuola (my daughter doesnt feel like going to school). Avere voglia is subtly different from wanting or volere: a bit less resolved, more temporary and a bit capricious. You also use avere to express your age: Ho dodici anni (I am 12 years old), or mia nonna ha cento anni (my grandmother is 100). Here are the other most important ones: Avere freddo to be cold Fuori ho freddo. Outside I am cold. Avere caldo to be hot Dentro ho caldo. Inside I am hot. Avere sete to be thirsty Ho sete! I am thirsty! Avere fame to be hungry Abbiamo fame! We are hungry! Avere paura di to be afraid Ho paura del buio. I am afraid of the dark. Avere sonno to be sleepy I bambini hanno sonno. The children are sleepy. Avere fretta to be in a hurry Ho fretta: devo andare. I am in a hurry: I need to go. Avere bisogno di to be in need of Ho bisogno di un dottore. I need a doctor. Avere torto to be wrong Hai torto. You are wrong. Avere ragione to be right Ho sempre ragione. I am always right. Avere piacere di to be pleased Ho piacere di vederti. I am pleased to see you. Italian Idioms Besides expressions of feeling, avere is used in a long list of idiomatic expressions, called locuzioni in Italian. Our trusty Italian dizionari are full of them. Here we do not cite the many that use avere literally and are similar to English (to have in mind or to have a screw loose), but this is a good sampling of the most interesting and frequently used: avere del matto (del buono, del cattivo) to seem a bit crazy (or good, or bad) avere l'aria di to seem (give off the air of) avere la borsa piena to be rich (have a full purse) avere caro to hold (something) dear avere su (addosso) to have on (wear) avere (or non avere) a che vedere to have something to do with avere nulla da spartire to have nothing in common with somebody avere a che dire to have something to say avere (or non avere) a che fare con to have something to do with something or somebody avere a mente to remember avere a cuore to hold dear avere importanza to be important avere luogo to take place avere inizio to begin avere presente to picture something clearly in one's mind avere (qualcuno) sulla bocca to talk about someone often avere per la testa to have something in one's head avere da fare to be busy avere le madonne to be in a bad mood avere l'acquolina in bocca to salivate/to have a watering mouth avere la meglio/la peggio to best/to lose avere occhio to watch out/to have a good eye avere le scatole piene to be fed up avere (qualcuno) sullo stomaco to dislike someone avere il diavolo addosso to be fidgety avere (qualcosa) per le mani to be dealing with something avere cura di to take care of someone or something averla a male to be offended avere in odio to hate avere un diavolo per capello to be furious (to have a devil for each hair) Non Ci Ho Voglia! Avere is sometimes expressed in speaking as averci: You will hear people say, ci ho fame, or ci ho sonno, or ci ho voglia (spoken as if the ci and ho were connected through a soft h, like the English sound ch, though they are not, and in fact we know that ch is a hard sound like k). The ci is a pronominal particle on top of the already present noun. It is technically not correct but frequently said (though definitely not written). Regional Uses: Tenere as Avere A note about tenere in relation to avere: In Southern Italy tenere is often used in the place of avere. You hear people say, tengo due figli (I have two children) and even tengo fame (I am hungry), or tengo trentanni (I am 30 years old). This is a widespread but regional use of the verb. The verb tenere means to hold, keep, maintain, hold onto.

After quantifying the love and the degree of passion a...

After quantifying the love and the degree of passion a couple may exhibit, Anne Peplau, research professor of psychology at UCLA, concluded that the survival and longevity of homosexual relationships parallels, perhaps even surpasses, that of heterosexual associations (Garnets and Kimmel 450). Moreover, homosexual male individuals exhibit greater arousal, characterized as â€Å"homoeroticism,† by male sexual stimuli than heterosexual males by female coital stimuli. In 1869, Hungarian physician Karoly Marie Benkert initially coined the label homoeroticism as â€Å"a scientifically neutral, nonjudgemental, descriptive term for same-sex intimacy,† despite its later connotation as â€Å"a crime against nature† (Levant and Pollack 367). Almost three centuries†¦show more content†¦Depending upon his or her intentions, â€Å"they can make it sound noisy as a carnival, or eager, simple or melodious, or quarrelsome like children† (Brown 77). In its origina l performances, men playing women, even women disguised as men, as in Viola assuming the identity of Caesario, added to the comedic ambiguity of the characters and their intended identities. To a certain extent, stage direction and execution thereby contributes to the overall impact of the play on the audience. Weaving his plot about the romanticism between individuals of the same gender, although quite contradictory to their perceived sexual orientation, Shakespeare contrasts the woes of contemporary society with his established reality of Illyria. Straying from the common description of dramatic irony as â€Å"the two-tiered thinking that occurs when the audience knows something that one or more of the characters do not† (O’Brien et al. 100), Victor Freeburg, Columbia University analyst and author of Disguise Plots in Elizabethan Drama, defines the term as â€Å"a change of personal appearance, which leads to mistaken identity† (Freeburg 2). In accordance with the latter, with regard to Caesario, the male identity Viola assumes, a change of attire or appearance redefines her social standing and, as a result, her competence. Olivia’sShow MoreRelatedFruit Tree Diversity And Fruit Consumption9708 Words   |  39 PagesChapter 4: Fruit tree diversity and fruit consumption in the context of deforestation in Cameroon 1. INTRODUCTION The world has been confronted with serious difficulties in curbing down the rate of undernourishment especially in sub-Sahara Africa (Vinceti et al., 2013, Arnold et al., 2011, Goenster et al., 2011). In developing countries, the livelihood and food security of smallholder land users are often at risk from unpredictable harvests, land degradation and climate change (Paumgarten and ShackletonRead MoreFruit and Hydroponics1030 Words   |  5 Pagesfor green and healthy looking leaves on the plants. We have no idea what the results might be, so this should be an exciting experiment. 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Agricultural Subsidies and Development Free Essays

1. The removal agricultural tariffs and subsides, according to Oxfam, would benefit developed nations because their consumers would benefit from lower domestic agricultural prices and the elimination of the taxes they must pay in order to support the subsidies. The producers in the developed world would lose this government protection from competition as well as the financial incentives. We will write a custom essay sample on Agricultural Subsidies and Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now I believe there would be a net benefit from changing our agricultural policy because: ? The government program distorts a functioning market. A functioning market allows capital (investment) to flow where it can gain the highest return. If a good or product can be produce more efficiently outside of the United States, the producer and consumer benefit. The benefit to the consumer in lower prices, improved product quality and lower taxes, helps the US economy by increasing the consumer’s buying power. The higher purchasing power changes the US consumers’ outlook on their personal wealth, and thereby their future spending. The so-called wealth effect occurs when consumers’ perception of their finances allow them to spend more of their income. This higher propensity to consume by US consumers should offset the loss of domestic spending on agricultural products. ? The increase of trade also enables the more efficient producer to reciprocate in buying products or services from the US where we have a competitive advantage. Therefore, in addition to the gain in consumer spending from the improvement of consumer purchasing power, the US will gain additionally from purchases from their new trade relationship. 2. I believe that removing agricultural tariffs and subsidies will help the citizens of the world’s poorest nations. As one UN official has noted. â€Å"It’s no good building up roads clinics, and infrastructure in poorer areas if you don’t give them access to markets and engines for growth. † Increasing demand for their products will allow their economy to expand. The increase of employment, and thereby their domestic consumer spending, will have a similar effect as I described above. The higher income will spur domestic spending for other local goods and services. The net effect will be increased domestic wealth, expansion of their consumer spending, and thereby the local economy. Unfortunately foreign aid is frequently poorly managed, although necessary. The most effective program is one that enables the local economy to produce a product or service that is demanded by consumers (locally and / or internationally). 3. Historically government programs protected our agricultural business by creating the necessary supports to make farming a sustainable business. Today developed nations continue to lavish extensive support on agricultural producers in spite of the fact that the agricultural production in most developed countries is self sufficient. In the US, the agricultural industry in many states has a very powerful political lobby. Both political parties will agree to support government subsidies in order to win the support of the agricultural lobbies. The politicians often claim that their motive is to preserve a historic rural lifestyle, and they see subsidies as a way of achieving that goal. This sentiment is still believed by many voters, as some small farms do exist, but the vast amount of the $300 billion in subsidies per year go major agricultural businesses. Perhaps one reason why this is overlooked is due to the efficiency of US agriculture. The highly efficient businesses in most developed counties produce products at historically low prices. Today’s US consumer spends less than 10% of their income on food. As food prices rises, due to the falling US dollar, and the growing global economy increases demand for food products, we may be forced to spend more of income on food, and then the focus on the agricultural subsidies and tariffs may get more attention. How to cite Agricultural Subsidies and Development, Papers

Communication Technology and True Real GDP †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Communication Technology and True Real GDP. Answer: Introduction In a globalized world, nations become increasingly interrelated with each other. Interaction among nations is not only in terms of visible trade but also in terms of invisible trade that is trade of services. The relation becomes stronger when countries make investment in each other market, loan give abroad and capital repayment. The cross border transaction and hence international relationship becomes an integral part of globe. National generally benefitted from transaction take place on international platform. In the process, the dependency among nations increases especially for small nations. The small here not only points to the geographical size but to the economic power. The greater economic power a country has, the more it has impact on other nations. One such economy having considerable global power is USA. The single nation has control over many nations, comparatively small sized. USA and Australia are two nations sharing a strong economic relation. They traded goods and services and invests significant amount on each other market. However, Australia is comparatively small size as compared to USA. For this reason, many commentators opine that USA can have large impact on Australian economy. When real GDP in USA changes then there are possibilities that is causes an expansion and contraction of Australian economy. Many related factors here needs to be considered such as trend in et export, movement if exchange rate or interest rate. The report examines this assertion in light of economic theories and historical data. Defining economic relation; USA and Australia There are many large economic players impacting on global scenario through their fiscal, monetary and international monetary framework. United States of America and Australia are two such nations that are two dominating player in the international world. Apart from their impact on other nations these two nations share political shared political and socio economic relation with each other. Goods and services are traded and there are both way flows of funds between nations. The international relationship established between the nations went on stronger day by day signifying an economic dependence (Dowding and Martin 2017). USA ranks fourth in the list of Australias importers. Goods from Australia overflow Australia market and contribute to job growth in Australia. In return, Australia also imported considerable amount of goods and services from USA. This shows the mutually beneficial trade relation between the USA and Australia. The bilateral trade agreement between USA and Australia t hat came into effect on 2005 strengthen the relationship between nations. USA always maintains a positive trade balance in trade with Australia. USA is second largest importer of Australia. The trade agreement removes all the trade barriers such as tariff, quota and other restrictions. Therefore, all the hurdles of trade between nations eliminated further strengthening the trade relation. The FDI from USA to Australia has significant impact on Australias economy. The funds flow from Australia to abroad the largest share is acquired by USA. The productive investments positively contribute to growth and prosperity of both the nations. Australia has a favorable business environment attracting foreign funds. US firms operate in Australia for over 100 years and generate jobs for many Australian (Mukulu, Hettihewa and Wright 2014). International trade relation and resulted dependency is an interesting area of research. The above section shoes relation between Australia and USA in Terms of visible and invisible trade and relation and capital investment. The friendly relation between the nations is one reason for assuming the dependency on each other. USA, for its relatively large size of the economy influences many economies. The growing trade and investment relation is suggests an obvious dependence between the nations. This belier resulted in an ongoing debate. There are one group of commentators believing that international relation exits in terms of economic dependence. Hence, when GDP of USA changes is causes a change in economy of Australia causing expansion or contraction of the economy. However, many do not believe that. GDP of a nation depend on a number of factors. Therefore, considering only GDP as an indicator of dependence does not got give right assertion. Flow of investment, net export, movement of exchange rate and interest rate are factors that need to be considered. Historical data for a significantly long period are considered for evaluation. Real GDP Analysis; Australia and USA Real GDP resents values of final goods and services using market values of a fixed base year(Bernanke, Antonovics and Frank 2015). GDP for USA and Australia are considered for the period 1985 to 2016. The similarity in GDP movement indicates a relationship between nations. However, as there are several factors influencing GDP no firm conclusion can be made from this analysis (Welfens and Perret 2014). This is only a starting point if the analysis. The above figure shows some similarity in GDP movement between USA and Australia. The GDP in USA is higher than Australia over the entire period. The intensity of fluctuation is grater for USA than that for Australia. In 1991, GDP of both the nation declined from the previous year. The grow rate in USA was -3% to -4% while that in Australia was -1% to -2% (Lindert and Williamson 2016). GDP in Australia peaked up to 3% in 1997 in Australia. I the corresponding year USA also experiences a high growth rate where growth rate exceeds 5% . Again in 2000-2002 growth rate of both the nations falls and accounted growth rat almost same for both the nations. The accounted growth rate during this time is just below 0%. The similar growth trend is observed in 2003-2004. During 2008, USA experienced great recession that affects the GDP and GDP in USA fell to -8% to 9%. Australia in this time also faced a negative rate of growth. However, the growth rate is not that much lower than USA. The growth rate in Australia in that year was between 0 to -1% (Abdullah 2017). Therefore, analysis of GDP indicates some common point of fluctuation. Every year United States made major investment go to in Australia. Australia received significant investment assistance from USA. The share of investment grows overtime. Investment in an economy is an important determinant of growth and productivity (Hirst, Thompson and Bromley 2015). Therefore, major share of USAs investment shows Australia growth dependence on Australia. In the list of countries where Australia invests United states is in the top position. The large size and economic power of United States attract foreign funds in USA. Australia Foreign investment is determined by the prevailing interest rate in the economy. A high and stable interest rate attracts foreign funds in the domestic country. It ensures a stable return to the invested assets. Higher the internal stability in the economy greater is the securities of the funds invested in the nation (Rousseau and Wachtel 2017). The interest dynamics are shown in the following figure Interest rate of both the nation has undergone with fluctuation in different periods. However, interest rate is higher in USA that that in Australia and it remains higher overtime. The high interest rate in Australia attracts more funds (Summers 2014.). However, viewing the benefits from relation with a powerful nation countries make investment in USA and hence, USA received foreign funds. Net export and exchange rate Year Export Import Net Export 1985 5,440.40 2,836.30 2,604.10 1986 5,551.10 2,627.70 2,923.40 1987 5,494.80 3,005.50 2,489.30 1988 6,972.90 3,541.40 3,431.50 1989 8,331.30 3,872.90 4,458.40 1990 8,537.70 4,446.60 4,091.10 1991 8,403.80 3,988.00 4,415.80 1992 8,875.90 3,687.60 5,188.30 1993 8,276.70 3,297.30 4,979.40 1994 9,780.60 3,202.10 6,578.50 1995 10,789.10 3,323.00 7,466.10 1996 12,008.40 3,868.90 8,139.50 1997 12,062.90 4,602.30 7,460.60 1998 11,917.50 5,387.00 6,530.50 1999 11,818.30 5,280.10 6,538.20 2000 12,482.40 6,438.00 6,044.40 2001 10,930.50 6,477.80 4,452.70 2002 13,084.90 6,478.80 6,606.10 2003 13,087.60 6,413.70 6,673.90 2004 13,957.90 7,545.50 6,412.40 2005 15,588.50 7,342.20 8,246.30 2006 17,545.70 8,204.00 9,341.70 2007 19,178.20 8,615.00 10,563.20 2008 22,218.60 10,588.80 11,629.80 2009 19,599.30 8,011.50 11,587.80 2010 21,804.60 8,582.90 13,221.70 2011 27,626.20 10,242.90 17,383.30 2012 31,161.40 9,566.80 21,594.60 2013 26,123.70 9,272.60 16,851.10 2014 26,681.70 10,697.30 15,984.40 2015 25,034.10 10,883.50 14,150.60 2016 22,159.70 9,509.90 12,649.80 (Source: state.gov 2017 ) The above table represents trade dynamics between USA and Australia. The export , import and trade balances are expressed. USA maintains a positive trade balance. The export from USA is greater than that it import from Australia. The growth rate of export is higher than the growth rate of import. The volume of export in 1985 was 5440.40 that becomes 22, 159.70 in 2016. The import on the other hand boosted at a significantly slower pace (Rachel and Smith 2015). Import volume in 1985 was 2836.30 while that become only 9509.90 in 2016. As a result, the trade balance grows at a faster pace. Net export grows from 2,604.10 to 12,649.80 in between 1985 to 2016. The related aspect of trade is the movement of exchange rate. An increase in exchange rate means depreciation of domestic currency. In this time importing from other countries become expensive while export grows as the goods of the concerned countries seem cheaper to foreign countries. A decrease in the exchange rate means appreciation of the domestic currencies (Giljum et al. 2014). During this time, import grows as import becomes cheaper and export slows down as goods becomes dearer fir the foreigners. The exchange rate determines the trade volume largely. Above figure explains movement if exchange rate of US dollar in respect of Australian dollar. The exchange rates of US dollar against the Australian dollar more or less goes down. This means a depreciation of US dollar, which encourages export from USA to Australia (Tukker et al. 2014). This provides support to the fact that export from USA to Australia increases overtime. Great recession in USA and its impact on Australia If there are strong relation between Australia and USA and string interdependence then the great recession that intensively affect USA should have similar kind of impact on Australian economy as well. The great recession in Australia took place in 2008 due to sub-prime mortgage and crisis in the housing market (Apergis 2014). Because of a low and volatile interest rate the bubbles build in the housing market suddenly burst affecting USA economy on a broad spectrum. The large size of USA economy makes the crisis to trickle down to other nations as well. Housing price goes down in USA during this time (Hansen 2015). The economy of Australia escapes from this recession on a surprising manner. The housing market is Australia remain stable. Interest rate in Australia did not constitute and sudden downfall. In the housing market of USA and other contemporary nations, inflation adjusted prices went up (Reboredo, Rivera-Castro and Zebende 2014). While Australia had showed an upward trend in housing prices as contrasting to other nation and the general assertion. There is no change major change in Australias performance trend. One factor is that apart from USA, Australia builds is international relationship with other nations as well (Ball 2014). There are trade relation and investment relation among Australia and other nations. This helps the nation to mitigate risk generated from USA recession. When a nation engaged in multilateral trade relation then the vulnerability to shock to any one trading partners automatically reduces. Additionally, Australia grows stronger overtime. Different sectors of the economy are now performing well and hence provide security to the growth and development of the nation (Yilmazer, Babiarz and Liu 2015). The financial sector of Australia is one such sector that shows outstanding performance and rescues the economy from shocks and recession occurred in USA. Conclusion The report critically evaluates the relation between USA and Australia. Relation builds on international platform has implication for growth and development of a nation. The interrelation often implies when country is in growing or declining phase of growth then related nations are affected from this. One such assertion is made about relation between Australia and USA. The belief here is that the Real GDP movement in USA causes expansion or contraction of Australia economy. In order to validate the statement, historical data on real GDP for both the nation are first considered. From the analysis there turn out some common fluctuation point between USA and Australia. However, the common points are not enough for drawing any conclusion. Foreign investment flows from both the nations are next indicators to be considered. The statistics shows that USA is the major investors of Australia. Similarly, Australia also invests as much as possible in USA. In fact, the lion share of Australia fu nd is invested in USA. Related aspect of investment is the dynamics of interest rate. Interest rate in Australia is higher and less volatile attracting foreign funds for the economy. The trade volume between USA and Australia rises overtime and USA maintains a positive trade balance. The exchange rate movement between US dollar and Australian dollar though volatile but decreasing in nature, raising the export flow from USA to Australia. Finally, the impact of great recession in USA on Australian economy is analyzed. The effect of great recession in USA has an ambiguous impact of Australia. Therefore, the claim cannot be completely supported and the relation dynamics remains versatile. References Abdullah, A.B.M., 2017. Introduction. InManaging the Psychological Contract(pp. 1-22). Springer International Publishing. Apergis, N., 2014. Can gold prices forecast the Australian dollar movements?.International Review of Economics Finance,29, pp.75-82. Ball, L.M., 2014.Long-term damage from the Great Recession in OECD countries(No. w20185). National Bureau of Economic Research. Bernanke, B., Antonovics, K. and Frank, R., 2015.Principles of macroeconomics. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Data.worldbank.org. (2017).Real interest rate (%) | Data. [online] Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FR.INR.RINR?end=2016locations=AU-USstart=1984 [Accessed 21 Sep. 2017]. Dowding, K. and Martin, A., 2017. Introduction. InPolicy Agendas in Australia(pp. 1-10). Springer International Publishing. Fred.stlouisfed.org. (2017).U.S. / Australia Foreign Exchange Rate. [online] Available at: https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/DEXUSAL#0 [Accessed 21 Sep. 2017]. Giljum, S., Dittrich, M., Lieber, M. and Lutter, S., 2014. Global patterns of material flows and their socio-economic and environmental implications: a MFA study on all countries world-wide from 1980 to 2009.Resources,3(1), pp.319-339. Hansen, P.H., 2015. Hall of mirrors: the great depression, the great recession, and the usesand Misusesof History.Business History Review,89(3), pp.557-569. Hirst, P., Thompson, G. and Bromley, S., 2015.Globalization in question. John Wiley Sons. Lindert, P.H. and Williamson, J.G., 2016. Unequal gains: American growth and inequality since 1700.Juncture,22(4), pp.276-283. Mukulu, S., Hettihewa, S. and Wright, C.S., 2014. Financial Contagion: An Empirical Investigation of the Relationship Between Financial-stress Indexes of Australia and the US.The Journal of Applied Business and Economics,16(3), p.11. Rachel, L. and Smith, T., 2015. Secular drivers of the global real interest rate. Reboredo, J.C., Rivera-Castro, M.A. and Zebende, G.F., 2014. Oil and US dollar exchange rate dependence: A detrended cross-correlation approach.Energy Economics,42, pp.132-139. Rousseau, P.L. and Wachtel, P. eds., 2017.Financial Systems and Economic Growth. Cambridge University Press. Summers, L.H., 2014. US economic prospects: Secular stagnation, hysteresis, and the zero lower bound.Business Economics,49(2), pp.65-73. Tukker, A., Bulavskaya, T., Giljum, S., de Koning, A., Lutter, S., Simas, M., Stadler, K. and Wood, R., 2014. The global resource footprint of nations.Carbon, water, land and materials embodied in trade and final consumption calculated with EXIOBASE,2, p.8. U.S. Department of State. (2017).Australia. [online] Available at: https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2698.htm [Accessed 21 Sep. 2017]. Welfens, P.J. and Perret, J.K., 2014. Information communication technology and true real GDP: economic analysis and findings for selected countries.International Economics and Economic Policy,11(1-2), pp.5-27. Yilmazer, T., Babiarz, P. and Liu, F., 2015. The impact of diminished housing wealth on health in the United States: Evidence from the Great Recession.Social science medicine,130, pp.234-241.

Communication Technology and True Real GDP †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Communication Technology and True Real GDP. Answer: Introduction In a globalized world, nations become increasingly interrelated with each other. Interaction among nations is not only in terms of visible trade but also in terms of invisible trade that is trade of services. The relation becomes stronger when countries make investment in each other market, loan give abroad and capital repayment. The cross border transaction and hence international relationship becomes an integral part of globe. National generally benefitted from transaction take place on international platform. In the process, the dependency among nations increases especially for small nations. The small here not only points to the geographical size but to the economic power. The greater economic power a country has, the more it has impact on other nations. One such economy having considerable global power is USA. The single nation has control over many nations, comparatively small sized. USA and Australia are two nations sharing a strong economic relation. They traded goods and services and invests significant amount on each other market. However, Australia is comparatively small size as compared to USA. For this reason, many commentators opine that USA can have large impact on Australian economy. When real GDP in USA changes then there are possibilities that is causes an expansion and contraction of Australian economy. Many related factors here needs to be considered such as trend in et export, movement if exchange rate or interest rate. The report examines this assertion in light of economic theories and historical data. Defining economic relation; USA and Australia There are many large economic players impacting on global scenario through their fiscal, monetary and international monetary framework. United States of America and Australia are two such nations that are two dominating player in the international world. Apart from their impact on other nations these two nations share political shared political and socio economic relation with each other. Goods and services are traded and there are both way flows of funds between nations. The international relationship established between the nations went on stronger day by day signifying an economic dependence (Dowding and Martin 2017). USA ranks fourth in the list of Australias importers. Goods from Australia overflow Australia market and contribute to job growth in Australia. In return, Australia also imported considerable amount of goods and services from USA. This shows the mutually beneficial trade relation between the USA and Australia. The bilateral trade agreement between USA and Australia t hat came into effect on 2005 strengthen the relationship between nations. USA always maintains a positive trade balance in trade with Australia. USA is second largest importer of Australia. The trade agreement removes all the trade barriers such as tariff, quota and other restrictions. Therefore, all the hurdles of trade between nations eliminated further strengthening the trade relation. The FDI from USA to Australia has significant impact on Australias economy. The funds flow from Australia to abroad the largest share is acquired by USA. The productive investments positively contribute to growth and prosperity of both the nations. Australia has a favorable business environment attracting foreign funds. US firms operate in Australia for over 100 years and generate jobs for many Australian (Mukulu, Hettihewa and Wright 2014). International trade relation and resulted dependency is an interesting area of research. The above section shoes relation between Australia and USA in Terms of visible and invisible trade and relation and capital investment. The friendly relation between the nations is one reason for assuming the dependency on each other. USA, for its relatively large size of the economy influences many economies. The growing trade and investment relation is suggests an obvious dependence between the nations. This belier resulted in an ongoing debate. There are one group of commentators believing that international relation exits in terms of economic dependence. Hence, when GDP of USA changes is causes a change in economy of Australia causing expansion or contraction of the economy. However, many do not believe that. GDP of a nation depend on a number of factors. Therefore, considering only GDP as an indicator of dependence does not got give right assertion. Flow of investment, net export, movement of exchange rate and interest rate are factors that need to be considered. Historical data for a significantly long period are considered for evaluation. Real GDP Analysis; Australia and USA Real GDP resents values of final goods and services using market values of a fixed base year(Bernanke, Antonovics and Frank 2015). GDP for USA and Australia are considered for the period 1985 to 2016. The similarity in GDP movement indicates a relationship between nations. However, as there are several factors influencing GDP no firm conclusion can be made from this analysis (Welfens and Perret 2014). This is only a starting point if the analysis. The above figure shows some similarity in GDP movement between USA and Australia. The GDP in USA is higher than Australia over the entire period. The intensity of fluctuation is grater for USA than that for Australia. In 1991, GDP of both the nation declined from the previous year. The grow rate in USA was -3% to -4% while that in Australia was -1% to -2% (Lindert and Williamson 2016). GDP in Australia peaked up to 3% in 1997 in Australia. I the corresponding year USA also experiences a high growth rate where growth rate exceeds 5% . Again in 2000-2002 growth rate of both the nations falls and accounted growth rat almost same for both the nations. The accounted growth rate during this time is just below 0%. The similar growth trend is observed in 2003-2004. During 2008, USA experienced great recession that affects the GDP and GDP in USA fell to -8% to 9%. Australia in this time also faced a negative rate of growth. However, the growth rate is not that much lower than USA. The growth rate in Australia in that year was between 0 to -1% (Abdullah 2017). Therefore, analysis of GDP indicates some common point of fluctuation. Every year United States made major investment go to in Australia. Australia received significant investment assistance from USA. The share of investment grows overtime. Investment in an economy is an important determinant of growth and productivity (Hirst, Thompson and Bromley 2015). Therefore, major share of USAs investment shows Australia growth dependence on Australia. In the list of countries where Australia invests United states is in the top position. The large size and economic power of United States attract foreign funds in USA. Australia Foreign investment is determined by the prevailing interest rate in the economy. A high and stable interest rate attracts foreign funds in the domestic country. It ensures a stable return to the invested assets. Higher the internal stability in the economy greater is the securities of the funds invested in the nation (Rousseau and Wachtel 2017). The interest dynamics are shown in the following figure Interest rate of both the nation has undergone with fluctuation in different periods. However, interest rate is higher in USA that that in Australia and it remains higher overtime. The high interest rate in Australia attracts more funds (Summers 2014.). However, viewing the benefits from relation with a powerful nation countries make investment in USA and hence, USA received foreign funds. Net export and exchange rate Year Export Import Net Export 1985 5,440.40 2,836.30 2,604.10 1986 5,551.10 2,627.70 2,923.40 1987 5,494.80 3,005.50 2,489.30 1988 6,972.90 3,541.40 3,431.50 1989 8,331.30 3,872.90 4,458.40 1990 8,537.70 4,446.60 4,091.10 1991 8,403.80 3,988.00 4,415.80 1992 8,875.90 3,687.60 5,188.30 1993 8,276.70 3,297.30 4,979.40 1994 9,780.60 3,202.10 6,578.50 1995 10,789.10 3,323.00 7,466.10 1996 12,008.40 3,868.90 8,139.50 1997 12,062.90 4,602.30 7,460.60 1998 11,917.50 5,387.00 6,530.50 1999 11,818.30 5,280.10 6,538.20 2000 12,482.40 6,438.00 6,044.40 2001 10,930.50 6,477.80 4,452.70 2002 13,084.90 6,478.80 6,606.10 2003 13,087.60 6,413.70 6,673.90 2004 13,957.90 7,545.50 6,412.40 2005 15,588.50 7,342.20 8,246.30 2006 17,545.70 8,204.00 9,341.70 2007 19,178.20 8,615.00 10,563.20 2008 22,218.60 10,588.80 11,629.80 2009 19,599.30 8,011.50 11,587.80 2010 21,804.60 8,582.90 13,221.70 2011 27,626.20 10,242.90 17,383.30 2012 31,161.40 9,566.80 21,594.60 2013 26,123.70 9,272.60 16,851.10 2014 26,681.70 10,697.30 15,984.40 2015 25,034.10 10,883.50 14,150.60 2016 22,159.70 9,509.90 12,649.80 (Source: state.gov 2017 ) The above table represents trade dynamics between USA and Australia. The export , import and trade balances are expressed. USA maintains a positive trade balance. The export from USA is greater than that it import from Australia. The growth rate of export is higher than the growth rate of import. The volume of export in 1985 was 5440.40 that becomes 22, 159.70 in 2016. The import on the other hand boosted at a significantly slower pace (Rachel and Smith 2015). Import volume in 1985 was 2836.30 while that become only 9509.90 in 2016. As a result, the trade balance grows at a faster pace. Net export grows from 2,604.10 to 12,649.80 in between 1985 to 2016. The related aspect of trade is the movement of exchange rate. An increase in exchange rate means depreciation of domestic currency. In this time importing from other countries become expensive while export grows as the goods of the concerned countries seem cheaper to foreign countries. A decrease in the exchange rate means appreciation of the domestic currencies (Giljum et al. 2014). During this time, import grows as import becomes cheaper and export slows down as goods becomes dearer fir the foreigners. The exchange rate determines the trade volume largely. Above figure explains movement if exchange rate of US dollar in respect of Australian dollar. The exchange rates of US dollar against the Australian dollar more or less goes down. This means a depreciation of US dollar, which encourages export from USA to Australia (Tukker et al. 2014). This provides support to the fact that export from USA to Australia increases overtime. Great recession in USA and its impact on Australia If there are strong relation between Australia and USA and string interdependence then the great recession that intensively affect USA should have similar kind of impact on Australian economy as well. The great recession in Australia took place in 2008 due to sub-prime mortgage and crisis in the housing market (Apergis 2014). Because of a low and volatile interest rate the bubbles build in the housing market suddenly burst affecting USA economy on a broad spectrum. The large size of USA economy makes the crisis to trickle down to other nations as well. Housing price goes down in USA during this time (Hansen 2015). The economy of Australia escapes from this recession on a surprising manner. The housing market is Australia remain stable. Interest rate in Australia did not constitute and sudden downfall. In the housing market of USA and other contemporary nations, inflation adjusted prices went up (Reboredo, Rivera-Castro and Zebende 2014). While Australia had showed an upward trend in housing prices as contrasting to other nation and the general assertion. There is no change major change in Australias performance trend. One factor is that apart from USA, Australia builds is international relationship with other nations as well (Ball 2014). There are trade relation and investment relation among Australia and other nations. This helps the nation to mitigate risk generated from USA recession. When a nation engaged in multilateral trade relation then the vulnerability to shock to any one trading partners automatically reduces. Additionally, Australia grows stronger overtime. Different sectors of the economy are now performing well and hence provide security to the growth and development of the nation (Yilmazer, Babiarz and Liu 2015). The financial sector of Australia is one such sector that shows outstanding performance and rescues the economy from shocks and recession occurred in USA. Conclusion The report critically evaluates the relation between USA and Australia. Relation builds on international platform has implication for growth and development of a nation. The interrelation often implies when country is in growing or declining phase of growth then related nations are affected from this. One such assertion is made about relation between Australia and USA. The belief here is that the Real GDP movement in USA causes expansion or contraction of Australia economy. In order to validate the statement, historical data on real GDP for both the nation are first considered. From the analysis there turn out some common fluctuation point between USA and Australia. However, the common points are not enough for drawing any conclusion. Foreign investment flows from both the nations are next indicators to be considered. The statistics shows that USA is the major investors of Australia. Similarly, Australia also invests as much as possible in USA. In fact, the lion share of Australia fu nd is invested in USA. Related aspect of investment is the dynamics of interest rate. Interest rate in Australia is higher and less volatile attracting foreign funds for the economy. The trade volume between USA and Australia rises overtime and USA maintains a positive trade balance. The exchange rate movement between US dollar and Australian dollar though volatile but decreasing in nature, raising the export flow from USA to Australia. Finally, the impact of great recession in USA on Australian economy is analyzed. The effect of great recession in USA has an ambiguous impact of Australia. Therefore, the claim cannot be completely supported and the relation dynamics remains versatile. References Abdullah, A.B.M., 2017. Introduction. InManaging the Psychological Contract(pp. 1-22). Springer International Publishing. Apergis, N., 2014. Can gold prices forecast the Australian dollar movements?.International Review of Economics Finance,29, pp.75-82. Ball, L.M., 2014.Long-term damage from the Great Recession in OECD countries(No. w20185). National Bureau of Economic Research. Bernanke, B., Antonovics, K. and Frank, R., 2015.Principles of macroeconomics. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Data.worldbank.org. (2017).Real interest rate (%) | Data. [online] Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FR.INR.RINR?end=2016locations=AU-USstart=1984 [Accessed 21 Sep. 2017]. Dowding, K. and Martin, A., 2017. Introduction. InPolicy Agendas in Australia(pp. 1-10). Springer International Publishing. Fred.stlouisfed.org. (2017).U.S. / Australia Foreign Exchange Rate. [online] Available at: https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/DEXUSAL#0 [Accessed 21 Sep. 2017]. Giljum, S., Dittrich, M., Lieber, M. and Lutter, S., 2014. Global patterns of material flows and their socio-economic and environmental implications: a MFA study on all countries world-wide from 1980 to 2009.Resources,3(1), pp.319-339. Hansen, P.H., 2015. Hall of mirrors: the great depression, the great recession, and the usesand Misusesof History.Business History Review,89(3), pp.557-569. Hirst, P., Thompson, G. and Bromley, S., 2015.Globalization in question. John Wiley Sons. Lindert, P.H. and Williamson, J.G., 2016. Unequal gains: American growth and inequality since 1700.Juncture,22(4), pp.276-283. Mukulu, S., Hettihewa, S. and Wright, C.S., 2014. Financial Contagion: An Empirical Investigation of the Relationship Between Financial-stress Indexes of Australia and the US.The Journal of Applied Business and Economics,16(3), p.11. Rachel, L. and Smith, T., 2015. Secular drivers of the global real interest rate. Reboredo, J.C., Rivera-Castro, M.A. and Zebende, G.F., 2014. Oil and US dollar exchange rate dependence: A detrended cross-correlation approach.Energy Economics,42, pp.132-139. Rousseau, P.L. and Wachtel, P. eds., 2017.Financial Systems and Economic Growth. Cambridge University Press. Summers, L.H., 2014. US economic prospects: Secular stagnation, hysteresis, and the zero lower bound.Business Economics,49(2), pp.65-73. Tukker, A., Bulavskaya, T., Giljum, S., de Koning, A., Lutter, S., Simas, M., Stadler, K. and Wood, R., 2014. The global resource footprint of nations.Carbon, water, land and materials embodied in trade and final consumption calculated with EXIOBASE,2, p.8. U.S. Department of State. (2017).Australia. [online] Available at: https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2698.htm [Accessed 21 Sep. 2017]. Welfens, P.J. and Perret, J.K., 2014. Information communication technology and true real GDP: economic analysis and findings for selected countries.International Economics and Economic Policy,11(1-2), pp.5-27. Yilmazer, T., Babiarz, P. and Liu, F., 2015. The impact of diminished housing wealth on health in the United States: Evidence from the Great Recession.Social science medicine,130, pp.234-241.

Australian Social Class Essay Example

Australian Social Class Paper Life chances include access to resources such as lath, education, occupation, housing and health. An individuals opportunities to access such resources vary according to social classes. To illustrate the extent to which a persons social class impacts on his or her life chances in Australia, this paper will begin with an examination of social class, including the major theories behind the concept of class. Life chances will also be defined, as will inequality and social mobility within Australia. Finally, evidence on how social class (particularly socio-economic status) Impacts life chances will be considered. Social class can be described as the hierarchical grouping of Individuals based on their economic position. While Australia is often described as an egalitarian society that is free of class barriers, Holmes et al argues that The rhetoric of equality becomes incomprehensible when basic measurements of inequality are looked at in any detail (Holmes, Hughes, Julian 2006 p. 91). According to data gathered by the United Nations Development Program, Australia is the worlds fifth-most unequal developed nation. Between the mid sasss and mid sasss, incomes of the top 20% of earners grew four times faster than that of the bottom 20%. We will write a custom essay sample on Australian Social Class specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Australian Social Class specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Australian Social Class specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Mishmash 2009, The Age 16 Gauge 2009). A study by Andrew Leigh revealed that in the early 1 asss, a CEO In a top 50 company earned 27 times more than the national average; only a decade later it was 98 times more. While these figures represent significant inequality wealth Australia, Elegies study also revealed that the Inequality gap In accumulated wealth Is twice as wide as it is in take home pay (Mishmash 2009, The Age 1 6 Gauge 2009). The existence of class within Australia can be explained from various theoretical perspectives, most of which are based on the class theories of Marx and Weber. Marx identified a two-class model, including an upper / ruling class that own the means of production and a working class that provide the labor for the ruling class. Weber expanded on Mars theory with the addition of two middle classes and also identified other indicators of class from within the social order that are more transparent, such as status groups. ASPI defines status as a system in which people are ranked on the basis of the amount of honor, prestige or esteem they receive (ASPI 1996 pop) While status differences can Influence variations In lifestyle, ASPI argues that It Is class differences that Influence life chances. Socio-economic status refers to a combination of the dimensions of class and status, of which wealth Is a central determinant. Almost all class theories recognize the existence of a ruling class, middle class and working class in Australia, however there is now debate over the existence of an underclass, consisting of the permanently unemployed and low income earners. The upper class consists of the wealthiest 5-10% of the population, whose wealth comes from the control of property and capital. ASPI argues that those who own and intro the economic resources are in a position to make important decisions about their own lives and the lives of other people, and often therefore determine the life chances of others (ASPI 1996 p. 77). The middle class consists mainly of individuals with non manual occupations and can be broken down to include upper middle class (professions egg doctors, dentists, lawyers etc) and lower middle class (routine white collar Jobs). The working class has been distinguished by its non ownership of the means of production. According to Marx, their role is to provide labor power to the lulling class. Traditionally consisting of manual workers and consistent with low income, the inferior market situation of this class is reflected in life chances. According to Van Krieger et al, various studies have shown that manual workers are more likely to die younger, suffer from poor health, miss out on home ownership, be convicted of a criminal offence and have children that do not go on to higher education. Perhaps the key determinant of socio-economic status or social class is wealth. Referring to the total assets or property that a person possesses, ASPI argues that Wealth confers economic and social power; it provides security in times of unexpected expenditure and provides greater freedom of choice in everyday life (ASPI 1996, pop). It is wealth that enables the purchase of assets such as housing and allows access to educational and health facilities. Without these, life chances are inhibited. Evidence suggests that wealth is heavily concentrated in Australia. A 2002 HILLS survey revealed that the bottom half of the population own less than 10% of the total household net worth While the wealthiest 10% account for 45% of total household net worth (Headed, Marks, Wooden 2004 p. L). Wealth is strongly linked to inheritance, thus maintaining its concentration. Just as wealth is linked to inheritance, so too is poverty. According to Orgy Where persons starts in the income and wealth distribution curve has an important bearing on their life chances (Orgy 2006, Pl 7). A 2005 study by The Brotherhood of SST Laurence found that those born into poverty have far higher instances of infant mortality, poor immunization against disease, higher risk of mental health problems, low birth weight babies and youth suicide (Scuttles Smyth, 2005 p ). Within Australia, evidence suggests that an individuals life chances are redundantly determined by his or her ascribed inequalities, such as gender, race and family background. In an a society with equality of opportunity it would be the achieved inequalities such as education, occupation and skills that would determine life chances, however as argued by ASPI He ascribed attribute of family background has a major influence on the education an individual will receive and on ten occupation en/seen wall enter, regardless AT ten telltales AT ten Uninominal (Aspen 1996, pop). The ascribed attribute of family background is a key determinant of social class. Social mobility refers to the ease and frequency by which indiv iduals can move up the social hierarchy to a higher class. Social mobility can occur either within an individuals lifetime (intra-generational mobility) or between generations (inter- generational mobility), and cab be used as a tool to measure the degree of equality within a society. In an egalitarian society, social mobility would be fluid. An individual born into a low social class would not necessarily remain stagnant within that class. This is not the case in most developed countries, including Australia. ASPI argues hat While it is possible in theory to move up the hierarchy, rags to riches stories are very rare and mobility is fairly limited (ASPI 1996, p. 72), while Orgy argues that there is a high degree of inter-generational transmission of poor social and economic outcomes in Australia (Orgy 2006, pop). There are several barriers inhibiting social mobility in Australia, resulting in a cycle of disadvantage for many. Such barriers include income and assets, employment, education, health and housing. The 2005 study by The Brotherhood of SST Laurence revealed that educational opportunities have a significant impact on the lower class. Children born into the underprivileged areas are less likely to have access to pre- schools, less likely to achieve adequacy in literacy and innumeracy tests and more likely to begin and remain in lower paying vocations. Perhaps one of the more compelling examples originates from a study conducted in Victoria and New South Wales that states 25% of all early school leavers come from Just 5% of postcodes (Scuttles and Smyth 2005, p. 17). Limitations on the lower classes to achieve wealth impacts their ability to provide adequate housing for their children. Scuttles and Smyth argue that a child raised without a secure home faces barriers to higher educational achievement and later Job security, which may lead to homeless raising families who in turn become homeless (Scuttles and Smyth 2005, p. 5). There are significant inequalities within Australia, indicating the existence of a hierarchical class structure. Australian society consists of an upper class, a middle class and a working class, although there is also debate on the existence of an underclass. An individuals position within this class structure largely ultimately determines his or her life chances. Opportunities to achieve desirable life outc omes, including wealth, occupation, quality education, good health and housing differ between the social classes. A lack of social mobility in Australia means social class in Australia operates cyclically. Those born into economic disadvantage are not only likely to remain that way, but will also eventually pass on their economic circumstances to their offspring. Similarly, those born into higher socio-economic families are more likely to have access to quality education, achieve occupational success, acquire wealth, enjoy better health and produce offspring that will in turn share the same opportunities.

Free Essays on Social Conservative

Homosexuality has been a source of constant conflict among many organizations of today’s society. Perhaps the most prominent disputes of this issue exist within the disagreement of same sex relationships from the views of society, homosexuals, the Christian church, and scientist’s biological theories. Society’s view is that homosexuals influence others; therefore, it is a chosen lifestyle. Most homosexuals believe they were born with a homosexual gene and they did not choose this lifestyle for themselves. The Christian church teaches that â€Å"homosexuality† is not God’s design for people, but believes there are ways of changing. It is the Homosexual who don’t want to change themselves. Many Americans thinks that homosexual should not be parents, and they have many biases view about the homosexual couple, thinking that homosexual couple doesn’t make enough money for child to live happy and giving the child wants and needs. According to a survey carried out by Leger Marketing, the level of education and the financial situation of heterosexual and homosexual are practically the same. However, a big group of the population believes that homosexual relationships are unhappy. For example, one study established that heterosexual student from college expected gay and lesbian relationships to be less fulfilling and more frustrating and prone to discord than heterosexual relationships, and they believed homosexual couple making the child to be confused of their sex (Williams & Cohen 53). In a happy family the child should have opposite sex parent. Same-sex couples aren't the most favorable environments in which to raise children. If a child are being rai se up by a family of same sex parent then who will be the mother and who will be the father. There are no such thing that a family have two mom or two dad then the child will be confuse. As the child gets older and at the age of going to school and when the teacher as... Free Essays on Social Conservative Free Essays on Social Conservative Homosexuality has been a source of constant conflict among many organizations of today’s society. Perhaps the most prominent disputes of this issue exist within the disagreement of same sex relationships from the views of society, homosexuals, the Christian church, and scientist’s biological theories. Society’s view is that homosexuals influence others; therefore, it is a chosen lifestyle. Most homosexuals believe they were born with a homosexual gene and they did not choose this lifestyle for themselves. The Christian church teaches that â€Å"homosexuality† is not God’s design for people, but believes there are ways of changing. It is the Homosexual who don’t want to change themselves. Many Americans thinks that homosexual should not be parents, and they have many biases view about the homosexual couple, thinking that homosexual couple doesn’t make enough money for child to live happy and giving the child wants and needs. According to a survey carried out by Leger Marketing, the level of education and the financial situation of heterosexual and homosexual are practically the same. However, a big group of the population believes that homosexual relationships are unhappy. For example, one study established that heterosexual student from college expected gay and lesbian relationships to be less fulfilling and more frustrating and prone to discord than heterosexual relationships, and they believed homosexual couple making the child to be confused of their sex (Williams & Cohen 53). In a happy family the child should have opposite sex parent. Same-sex couples aren't the most favorable environments in which to raise children. If a child are being rai se up by a family of same sex parent then who will be the mother and who will be the father. There are no such thing that a family have two mom or two dad then the child will be confuse. As the child gets older and at the age of going to school and when the teacher as...

Human Sexuality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Human Sexuality - Essay Example This also becomes highly pertinent for the simple fact that non-monogamy, especially in the forms of divorce and other forms of separation, adultery and marital infidelity, has already been a part and parcel of the daily social existence (Emmens 2003). Hence this leads us to the subtle differentiations between various conceptual categories that are critical in the constitution of our sexual desires and preferences. The constructionist approach towards human sexuality and sexual preferences have already shattered the essentialists’ and conservatives’ arguments on the ground that sexual subjectivity, including identity and sexual orientations and desires, are inherently offshoots of the larger social and cultural environment (Ritchie and Barker 2006, 585). It is in this context that a postmodern challenge against the hegemony of heterosexual monogamy has emerged from an albeit new form of â€Å"partner arrangements that vary as to the number of people involved, the sexes of those involved, the sexualities of those involved, the level of commitment of those involved, and the kinds of relationships pursued† known as polyamory (Strassberg 2003, 440). A form of non-monogamy polyamory stresses upon â€Å"people’s capacity to share and multiply their love in honest and consensual ways† (Anderlini-D’Onofrio, 2004 as quoted in Ritchie and Barker 2006) as opposed to the rigid ethical, moral restraints associated with monogamy. The emergence of polyamory as a conceptual category seeking to subvert the prevalent beliefs regarding sexual desire and practice has significantly contributed to the ongoing debate around, especially, polygamy and other non-monogamous unions. ... The emergence of polyamory as a conceptual category seeking to subvert the prevalent beliefs regarding sexual desire and practice has significantly contributed to the ongoing debate around, especially, polygamy and other non-monogamous unions. In fact defining the various forms of non-monogamous and other forms of sexual practices, as neatly articulated in the Lawrence case at the Supreme Court (See Emens 2003 and Ashbee 2007 for a detailed analysis of this case), like bigamy, polygamy, incest, obscenity, masturbation and so on as logical extensions of enterprises to legalize same-sex marriage invites us to revisit those categories, including monogamy and the postmodern polyamory. Despite the different factors that co-exist with monogamy and that have already invalidated the very base of monogamy, the institution of monogamy still looms large â€Å"in this nation’s social landscape† (Emens 2003, 8). In the western culture it still continues to be a fact that that life-l ong or serial monogamy with one (everlasting) partner is the dominant model of relationships available. It exerts its hegemony through various apparatuses that are basically concerned with mainstream, statist ideologies. Depictions and valorizations of monogamous couples, fidelities and other romantic associations still fill the media discussions and other forms of cultural representations. This compulsory notion of monogamy not only renders all other forms of non-monogamy invalid and invisible but also labels alternative desires and relationships as completely unethical, amoral and pathological (Ritchie and Barker 2006). The representations of monogamy have indeed served to further normativise its existence and other forms of marital unions essentially fall outside of this

Effectiveness of Medical Honey for Leg Ulceration and Wound Care Literature review

Effectiveness of Medical Honey for Leg Ulceration and Wound Care - Literature review Example These methods of wound care are meant to facilitate recovery and prevent the infection of the wound (Hess, 2004). In instances of prolonged healing, additional and alternative measures of wound care are often considered. One of these methods includes the use of medical honey (Boulton, Cavanaugh, and Rayman, 2006). Medical honey has been considered as an alternative form of therapy in wound management, especially for chronic and diabetic pressure ulcers (Boulton, et.al., 2006). Leg ulcers are common among diabetic patients and with diabetic patients often having prolonged wound healing times, the importance of implementing speedy and effective wound healing methods has become imperative (Shai and Maibach, 2004). The use of medical honey has been recommended by various studies and practitioners, with much support attributed to its use due to its healing and antibacterial properties (Shai and Maibach, 2004). The more traditional practitioners however have not supported the use of medica l honey over and above conventional methods of healing. Studies with contrasting results have been presented on this subject matter. For which reason, this study now seeks to carry out a literature review on studies discussing the use of medical honey for leg ulceration and wound care. ... A conclusion shall also provide a summary of the paper and a discussion on how the results of this study can contribute to the nursing practice. Literature Review Search strategy This literature review is being carried out in order to establish a critical analysis of the current research information on the efficacy of medical honey on leg ulcers and wound care. This literature review shall start through an internet database search of Google Scholar, Cochrane, PubMed, Medline Plus, and CINAHL using the following key words: medical honey leg ulcers; honey leg ulcers; and honey wound healing. The search shall also be narrowed down to a time limit from December 2006 to August 2012. Specific studies which discuss the efficacy of medical honey on leg ulcers and other wounds shall be prioritized and set aside for abstract review. Randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, systematic reviews, case studies, prospective, and English-language studies shall be used as inclusion criteria for t he literature search. Secondary research studies, retrospective, chart reviews, descriptive, non-English language literature shall be excluded from this review. Those meeting the inclusion criteria shall then be set aside for further review, mostly on authors, publication, reliability, and validity of results. Critical Analysis: Support for the use of honey in leg ulceration Various studies have been carried out on the use of medical honey on leg ulcers and other wounds (Cooper, et.al., 2010). In a study by Molan (2009), the antibacterial qualities of honey in wound care was reviewed. His systematic review discussed the inhibitory impact of honey seen in bacteria which often infect wounds. Based on Moran’s (2011) study, honey was seen to have

Article summary Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Summary - Article Example ing solar power (CSP) and photovoltaics (PVs) – and notes that while these types seek at the maximization of solar energy, they have different approaches (Hamer 1). The considered questions in the article are related to the primary types of solar energy, the suitability of solar energy in heating water and the benefits that zero net energy constructions give to consumers. In this line, Hamer states that the world’s global energy needs will be largely dependent on the use of solar devices to harness light and heat from the sun for the generation of electricity via photovoltaic cells, owing to the declining prices of solar collectors. This reason is also largely supported by the sunny forecasts put on solar energy and a resemblance of the electricity system to the internet, having no particular center of activity, except for the photovoltaics integrated into roofs and windows. Consequently, Hamer states that there is an increase in the production, but, a subsequent decline in purchasing costs of PVs; hence, likely to have a significant impact on the installation of PVs and access to electricity. This would then classify solar energy for the many uses that electricity can be put to such as heating of water. PVs are also environmentally friendly as they produce no greenhouse gases or atmospheric emissions as a technology. Therefore, it presents itself as the most likely choice of renewable energy technology for embracing by the public (Hamer 1). Finally, a proposal for zero net energy buildings is given in which the Department of Energy is considering producing houses that consume no energy on net rate, but, incorporate numerous technologies for future homes, including the solar thermal and photovoltaics. In this article, the core theme as presented by Haugen is that of the effective production of electricity through solar energy. First, the energy is described as clean and reliable by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), as a counter for myths over

Overview Of The Water Purifier Industry Environmental Sciences Essay

Overview Of The Water Purifier Industry Environmental Sciences Essay Approximately 80% of diseases in India are caused by water borne micro organisms. This is true in rural as well as urban India. However, awareness of health risks linked to unsafe water is still very low among the rural population. The few who treat water resort to boiling or use domestic candle filters. In comparison, the urban Indian is definitely more health conscious and understands the necessity of purifying water before it is fit for consumption. Even so, it is estimated that roughly 7% of urban Indians use non manual water purifiers. More Indians need to become aware of the importance of installing drinking water purifiers. There remains a huge untapped market. Though quite a few city dwellers still boil water, many are switching over to modern domestic water purifiers. Electrical or chemical based home water purification systems are most suitable for urban households because they require little or no manual operation and depending on the technology can eliminate biological contaminants, chemical toxins and excessive salts. The main contaminants are, however, micro organisms. UV purifiers and advanced chemical based systems deal effectively with viruses, giardia and bacteria. This is one of the reasons why UV and resin based purifiers are the most widely used water purifiers in India today. It is estimated that around 80% of urban dwellers do not purify tap water. Many of them are from the lower income strata and cannot afford UV or reverse osmosis water purification systems. They are the potential buyers of economical but effective chemical purifiers. This is the market that Eureka Forbes and Hindustan Unilever are tapping aggressively. Chemical based purifiers, Aquasure and Pureit, together account for 20% of water purifiers sold. Both are becoming increasingly popular because they are effective and affordable. The two brands are reported to be growing at 100 percent per annum. Also, they do not run on electricity and are ideal for locations where power supply is unpredictable. Neither do they demand continuous water supply. Power and water are still scarce even in urban India. It is estimated that roughly two thirds of the existing water purification market belongs to UV water purifiers and one third is shared between reverse osmosis purification systems and chemical purifiers. In the UV purifier segment, Eureka Forbes Aquaguard is the clear market leader with approximately 68% market share. Other brands include Philips Intelligent Water Purifier and Kents UV purifier. The UV purifier market is estimated to be growing at a lower rate than the chemical based segment. Reverse osmosis purifiers, which are rather expensive and not the preferred option in many areas, have a smaller share of the market when compared with UV purifiers and chemical based systems. In the reverse osmosis segment, Eureka Forbes is again the major player with 60% share. A major portion of the remaining 40% belongs to Kent reverse osmosis Systems. That the Indian market has tremendous potential is evident from the fact that global majors such as Philips and Hindustan Lever have stepped in and are looking to increase their share of the market. The three principal players today are Eureka Forbes, Hindustan Lever and Philips. In the years to come, we are likely to see others entering the fray Water purifiers are one of the most used kitchen utilities Available in India. Water Purification and Backpacking is an industry in itself in India. Portable versions of Water Purifiers are available for Camping and Hiking. Water Purification Methods include the mechanized versions as well as the age-old and time-tested Water Purification Tablets. The Water Purification Process includes removing contaminants from the raw water source. Some of the home remedies for Water Purification are boiling or the use of the household charcoal filter. But these do not ensure the required standard of Water Purification thus a proper treatment is mandatory. Thats where the Water Purifiers For Home step in. treatment of water by ozone also provides certain levels of purity. Utilizing the advanced technology and machines, we offer water purifiers, which are widely used for the domestic water purification. It makes the water suitable for drinking and everyday usage like drinking, bathing, cooking and washing etc Features Low maintenance No Chemicals Compact Light Weight Eco Friendly Easy Handling Available 250 Liters per hour 500 Liters per hour 1000 Liters per hour Chapter 2 Various technology used by different water purifier Activated Carbon (AC). Activated carbon (AC) is particles of carbon that have been treated to increase their surface area and increase their ability to adsorb a wide range of contaminants activated carbon is particularly good at adsorbing organic compounds.   We will find two basic kinds of carbon filters Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) and Solid Block Activated Carbon (SBAC).   Contaminant reduction in AC filters takes place by two processes, physical removal of contaminant particles, blocking any that are too large to pass through the pores (obviously, filters with smaller pores are more effective), and a process called adsorption by which a variety of dissolved contaminants are attracted to and held (adsorbed) on the surface of the carbon particles. The characteristics of the carbon material (particle and pore size, surface area, surface chemistry, density, and hardness) influence the efficiency of adsorption. Reverse Osmosis (RO)- Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Osmosis is a special case of diffusion in which the molecules are water and the concentration gradient occurs across a semipermeable membrane. The semipermeable membrane allows the passage of water, but not ions (e.g., Na+, Ca2+, Cl-) or larger molecules (e.g., glucose, urea, bacteria). Diffusion and osmosis are thermodynamically favorable and will continue until equilibrium is reached. Osmosis can be slowed, stopped, or even reversed if sufficient pressure is applied to the membrane from the concentrated side of the membrane. Reverse osmosis occurs when the water is moved across the membrane against the concentration gradient, from lower concentration to higher concentration. To illustrate, imagine a semipermeable membrane with fresh water on one side and a concentrated aqueous solution on the other side. If normal osmosis takes place, the fresh water will cross the membrane to dilute the concentrated solution. In reverse osmosis, pressure is exerted on the side with the concentrated solution to force the water molecules across the membrane to the fresh water side. Reverse osmosis is often used in commercial and residential water filtration. It is also one of the methods used to desalinate seawater. Sometimes reverse osmosis is used to purify liquids in which water is an undesirable impurity (e.g., ethanol). For example Kent RO is present in the market Ultraviolet Radiation (UV)- Ultraviolet purification uses a UV light source (lamp) which is enclosed in a protective transparent sleeve (usually quartz). The lamp is mounted such that water passing through a flow chamber is exposed to the UV-C light rays. When harmful microbes are exposed to the UV rays, their nucleic acid absorbs the UV energy, which then scrambles the DNA structure of the organism. The cell is rendered sterile and can no longer reproduce. The cell is now considered dead and is no longer a threat. UV treatment is an excellent choice to eliminate biological contamination from most home drinking water, whether your home is on a municipal water system or untreated private system (well, lake water, etc.). Its sole purpose is to kill harmful biological contaminants, and therefore should always be combined with other forms of filtration (GAC / carbon block, KDF, or reverse osmosis) for reduction of heavy metals, chlorine, VOCs, and other chemical contaminants. Ion Exchange (IEX) -Most popular Ion exchange (IEX) media in POU for heavy metals reduction is ATS or ATC media, zeolite etc. Various IEX resins are often used for industrial processes for specific water use. Ion exchange theory in layman language is simply gaining and loosing atoms (swapping atoms). In drinking water for example soluble lead is a positive ion whilst chlorine is a negative ion (cat ions+, anions-). Most common ion exchange in rural area is Softener. Another popular often called redox technology. is IEX media used in POU is KDF 55 (copper zinc alloy in granule form) for its high chlorine reduction. By simply swapping atoms this metal alloy turns chlorine into harmless chloride. Many POU makers using this alloy claim soluble lead reduction, bacteriostatic proprieties, some go as far as cysts and bacteria removal and a host of other miracles. KDF 55 is widely use for shower and garden filters which are impressively compact and effective de-chlorinator Chapter 3 Water Purifier Companies in India The main Manufacturers of the water purifiers are following Eureka Forbes Philips Kent Usha Brita Jaipan Kenstar Maharaja Whiteline Orpat Zero B . Chapter 4 On the basis of Porter 5 force model we can analysis the water purifier industry Competition in the market Porters 5 force Model for water purifier industry Threat of new Entrants- High Market entry barrier is not high. Brand Identity. Low cost of capital imposes a Low entry barrier. High RD cost. Market Exit Barrier is also not so high. Intensity of Rivalry among existing Competitors- Very High Customer loyalty is very capricious. Entry level Advertisement war in water purifiers. Low profit margins. Perceived lack of differentiation in technologies by customer. Pressure from Substitute product Medium Packaged drinking water. Ground water / Municipal Supplies. Chemical distributed by government to clean water. Boiled water Bargaining power of Suppliers -High Suppliers product is an important input to the buyers business. Number of suppliers are also few. Supplier to buyer ratio. Bargaining power of Buyers-High Customers are price sensitive. Spreading towards rural areas with increased awareness and health Consciousness Chapter 5 Target Customers Water purifier industry is focusing on middle class of the society because this class is educated and enough money to buy the products. Companies have to work less to sell their products to consumers. If company starts focusing on rural area it very difficult to tell them what are the benefits of water purifier. Company have to do lots of effort to sell their products. by this way the sale will be very less. With increasing number of people becoming conscious of the risks of drinking contaminated water, the demand for water purifiers is rising rapidly. In the past few years, Indian water purifier industry has witnessed an exponential growth of 22% CAGR. The water purifier industry sales grew dramatically during 2009 as compared to previous fiscals due to improving demand and expanding production capacity. The industry saw high growth of rate 17% during 2008 due to the increasing awareness for safe drinking water. The UV segment, which constitutes more than 55% of the industry and is a key focus area for water purifier manufacturers, due to the higher margins it offers, is expected to continue its rapid growth. According to Research, Indian Water Purifier industry will continue its growth trajectory and is expected to witness a turnover growth of more than 22% CAGR during the period between 2011 and to 2014. To get high sales in market the companies have to differentiate their products from other products present in market. Lot of advertisement should be done to boost the sale of product. Free samples of water purifier should be installed in some houses to show the efficiency and effectiveness of product. CONCLUSION There are number of water purifiers players are present in the market. There is also huge rise in demand of water purifier in market because increase in awareness of general public. To grab the market, companies need to heavily advertise and make their product differentiate. So that general public can attract toward their product. From Proter 5 force therom, it easier to start company of water purifier. Target customers are the middle class of society. The industry should focus on the middle class of society to increase their sales and revenue.

Death Penalty - Catholics and Capital Punishment :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Catholics and Capital Punishment Catholic opponents of the death penalty sometimes seem to lose sight of the primary purpose of punishment. The Catechism of the Catholic Church says, "Punishment has the primary aim of redressing the disorder introduced by the offense." If I commit a serious offense against society, I bring about a disorder, and the point of punishment is to reestablish the lost order. If I willingly accept my punishment, "it assumes the value of expiation." And it can protect you from future crimes I might commit. The Catechism thus gives three purposes of punishment: defending public order, protecting people, and moral change in the criminal. Paragraph 2267 reminds us that "the traditional teaching of the church does not exclude recourse to the death penalty" but then adds, "if this is the only possible way of effectively defending human lives against the unjust aggressor." This appears to make a secondary purpose of punishment override the primary. That appearance has led to some fuzzy thinking. The correct meaning must be that the primary aim of punishment can be achieved short of exacting the death penalty. A single means-say, life imprisonment-restores the order lost by the crime, protects society against future crimes of the incarcerated, and gives the prisoner a chance to repent. The paragraph should not be read as making the protection of society trump everything else. Why? Because imprisonment protects society against future possible crimes. But the criminal cannot be punished for what he might do; he is in prison because of what he has already done. If life imprisonment is to serve the primary purpose of punishment, it must, like the death penalty, be primarily justified as sufficiently "redressing the disorder introduced by the offense." Paragraph 2267 is concerned exclusively with a secondary purpose of punishment: protecting society. Unless, as suggested, "protecting society" be taken to comprehend "redressing the disorder." (Paragraph 2266 distinguishes "defending public order" from "protecting people's safety.") One sometimes hears in the clamor to end the death penalty that retribution is no longer the aim of punishment. But if there is no cause for retribution, punishment is unjust: All that would excuse it is the fear that someone might in the future harm us and that solitude might better his soul. Enthusiasm sometimes obscures the fact that the Catechism "does not exclude recourse to the death penalty." However rare such recourse might be, even if it were only once in a millennium, it would have to be justified.

School Adjustment of Children from Divorced Families

The family is the basic unit of society where human beings are brought to life. It is considered a small society where children learn basic virtues. Therefore, the relationship between parents and children is very important for their growth and development. Through this relationship, children gain the virtues of trust, autonomy and initiative. Children also learn about socio-emotional relationships, self-respect and self-control. Thus, family environment and parent behaviour are crucial for children to grow as healthy, happy, and responsible people.Yet, despite the importance of parent support, there are still many children devoid of proper care from their parents resulting from the increasing number of divorces, or separations. In spite of the negative effects caused by divorce on children, the society seems to think divorce is something that can be easily done. Since the early 1990’s, divorce rate in Korea has risen rapidly not withstanding the fact that Korean society has a negative view on the divorce as compared to those in western countries. The influence of Confucianism is still deeply imbedded in Korean culture where family and marriage are supreme for most Koreans.Hence, many children from divorced families encounter deep-seated prejudice as if they have psychological defects. Although this may not be true for every child with divorced parents, some studies have shown that because they are exposed to a series of changes and are more disadvantaged than those who grow up in intact families, their school performance may be poor and they may exhibit antisocial behaviour. For example, children living in single parent families are less likely to have as many economic resources as children living in intact families.Other problems relating to aspects like parenting, education, housework, psychological issues will, as well, rise. Further, children of divorced families have to deal with sorrows from the absence of either their father or mother and that th ey will have to adapt to the change in family system. A study shows that children from divorced parents often become a laughingstock, and develop wrath towards their mother or father. Moreover, some children may find it difficult to focus during class, hence, receive poor academic grades. Childhood experience can have large impact in determining how they might turn out in the future.Parent-child relationship can largely influence children’s personality formation or intellectual development due to the account that children learn by imitating adults. Divorced parents may find more financial responsibility when it comes to parenting thus they may suffer from depression. Kurdek and Hetherrington also mention that single parent tend to raise their children with more rules and restrictions and less attention. Unfortunately, these single parents’ mental, emotional and family disorder difficulties will influence growing children and society at large. Parents’ divorce is a crisis which stirs up the ordinary life of children.For this reason, studies on divorce and its effects on children should be taken seriously. Divorce does not appear to have consistent effects across all children and ages as observed in two children, ages 10 and 11, from divorced families. Thus, this study is limited to elementary school age. It hopes to aid in understanding the behaviour of children from divorced families in school environment by illustrating researcher’s own experience with such children in class. It is related to theories which support their behaviour and possibly suggest ways for parents and educators to contribute to children’s well-being.The structure of this essay is as follows: ? the effects of divorce on children ? the differences between the children of intact and divorced families ? gender differences in the effects of divorce ? school adjustment of children from divorced families ? personal experience with children from divorced familie s The Effects of Divorce on Children Children’s reactions towards divorce can vary. Not only can the fact that the absence of one of the parents influences children but the change of environment after divorce settlement also affects children.They can suffer from psychological, behavioural and social problems. Psychological problems Study shows that children from divorced families have difficulties in adapting to new family environment. They are also likely to develop wrath towards one parent and some of them may even blame themselves for the divorce and show constant nervousness and incompetence. These effects may only be negative for a period of time or for children who have been exposed to parental conflict for a long time and recover rapidly in consequence of the stress released by their family environment.The most influenced psychological part of children of divorced families is that of depression and nervousness. Twenty-five percent of these children suffer from depressi on and fifty percent of them experience emotional turmoil or often appeared to be in despair. Social and behavioural problems Other influences on children from divorced families are external evidence like performance disorder, lack of sense of responsibility and understanding. They develop antisocial behaviour problems, aggressiveness, antagonizing manner and attention deficit in school settings.According to Lee’s research, during two years of their parents’ divorce children show antisocial behaviour and their social ability tend to decline. Children living with mothers exhibit impulsive behaviour, more oppositional and aggressiveness after two months of parents divorce. They also have difficulties in peer relationship and become troublesome at school, and perform lower academic achievement. Some children may seem to have overcome their parents divorce however even these children may have possibility of becoming troublesome when they are confronted with a new challenge and advancement task in school.As different studies have shown, divorce can have negative influence on children’s psychological, social and behavioural problems. Comparison between Children of Divorced and Intact Families Several researchers mention in their findings that children from divorced families differ significantly from children from intact families. Amato and Keith studied 13,000 children from preschool to young adulthood to find out if there are any significant behaviour differences between children of divorce and intact families.Their research indicates that children from divorced families have more problems in school, delinquency in the community, mental health problems and negative self-concepts. Besides differences in their behaviour problems, there is also a difference in economical stature. Children from divorced families are more likely to suffer from economic difficulty. Weitzman reported that woman’s standard of living after divorce falls by 29% th an previous household. And this can lead children to be more distressed in school from constant comparison with other children and receive lower academic achievement.This is because single parents may not have enough time to spend with their children because of their work and a decrease in income can increase frequent residential mobility. Hammaond compared the behaviour of children of divorced families and intact families and he found that boys of divorced families exhibit more behavioural problems than boys from intact families whereas girls show no significant differences. Boys from divorced families seem more distracted in class and exhibit acting out behaviour than boys from intact families do.This implies that in school setting, boys respond more negatively to their parent divorce than girls. The reason could be that in many countries including Korea, children live with their mothers after their parent divorce hence boys react more to absence of their father than girls do. Thi s means losing father’s monitoring homework or playing sports with them and sometimes there are issues they would want to share with their fathers only. From observing a student in class, I notice that sudden loss of affection from a father after divorce can influence school achievement.This is because children suffer from constant distress and tension and they become emotionally unstable. Therefore in comparison with children from intact families, their school grade naturally drops. However, recent studies show that nowadays there is less difference in the behaviour of children from divorced and intact families. This is probably due to the fact that divorce rate is increasing rapidly. Even though the difference is statistically significant, differences are becoming small.In Hetherington’s findings, she found differences between children of divorce and intact families, but she also found that children from intact families exhibit behavioural problems because of constan t parent conflict. She reports that over 90% of children including both genders from intact families are supposedly experiencing average range of problems. Remaining 10% suffer from severe family problem which would require professional help. In terms of children from divorced families, there are 74% of the boys and 66% of the girls in the normal range and remaining boys and girls are considered to have severe behavioural problems.Forty percent of adolescent boys and girls from divorced families have less behavioural problems than those from intact families. More recent studies show that the behaviour of children from divorced families are not much different from children of intact families. Based on experience, children still seem to experience considerable distress about the breakup of their parents and these feelings remain and affect them in some ways. Most of illustrated studies are carried in the West but Korea’s situation is also taken at hand to see if there are any b ehavioural differences in this area. Although H.Kim suggests that divorce is still viewed negatively in Korea, nevertheless her findings in the behaviour of children of divorce in school ages 8 to 13 shows similar effects of divorce on children’s school behaviour, which appear to be similar to that experienced by Western children studied in Amato & Keith’s research in 1991. Korean children from divorced families also exhibit aggressiveness, seek more attention and disobey in school. Gender Differences in the Effects of Divorce Besides behaviour differences among children of divorced and intact families, there are also gender differences to consider.Hyatt suggests that boys and girls react differently to parental divorce. Boys tend to create more behavioural problems in school than girls do. Boys’ self-esteem tends to decline as a result of divorce and they seek constant attention from the teacher and disturb class with irrelevant talks. Their effort in school wo rk also decline. Hyatt mentions that boys are more prone to difficulty of losing contact to their father hence regular communication with the father can help these adjustment problems.Girls’ behaviour in school after parental divorce is not as noticeable as boys because they do not manifest their difficulties by acting out in class. Rather, they tend to become more anxious or unhappy or showing over controlled good behaviour. Another findings concerning gender difference in the effects of divorce is that girls do accept help from their teachers unlike boys. This is because girls see their school as a place where they can be supported during divorce while boys conduct socially unacceptable behaviour.School Behaviour of Children of Divorced Families Human beings grow by constantly adapting to new environment therefore adapting to an environment is part of life cycle. Children’s educational place can be divided into home, school and the society. The child and environment continuously interact and the school takes over large part of a child’s life. Therefore as well as having a settled family life, school period is also important in determining how children might turn out in the future.School is a place where children enjoy, and gain sense of satisfaction by experiencing various activities and maintain harmonized relationships with the teachers and other students. Similarly, school adjustment is defines as taking interest in school environment and feel comfortable being in school with other children. This adjustment reflects on their school achievement and development. For instance, children who enjoy being in school and participate in school activities are likely to gain more educational experiences than those who have adjustment disorder.Liebman defines school adjustment disorder as excessive reaction where individuals are unable to harmonize with the school environment and other students which will prohibit individual development. Children of divorced families are likely to have more difficulties in school adjustment than those of children from intact families. Berbe suggests that children with adjustment disorder tend to attract teacher’s attention by inappropriate questions in class, distract other children and find it hard to pay attention in class. They also refuse teacher’s request and are often disobedient.And if they continue to show irresponsible academic behaviour, it leads to serious adjustment disorder. Heck’s idea is also similar to Berbe’s suggestion that children with adjustment disorder problems are frequently absent and tend to be oppositional in class. However, it is difficult to judge the cause of maladjustment solely on divorce. How children respond to above stress can vary from a child to child. It can differ according to their age, gender or disposition and the environment includes economic stature of parents, social approval rating of parents and family conflict.Variab les are categorized as they may affect children’s school adjustment into demographic differences and family variables. Demographic differences include race, gender, and parental socioeconomic status and family variables include relationships, organisation, control, social support, mother rejection and father rejection. Behaviour of children of divorced in school As mentioned earlier, children from divorced families appear to have difficulty in academic achievement and relationship with other children at school than children from intact families.The cause of this should not be looked at solely on the primary factor which is divorce. Secondary factors are to be considered as well, such as the change in socioeconomic structure and resources after divorce. For example, as mentioned earlier, economic loss, poor parental adjustment, lack of parental competence and parental loss can cause behavioural problems. As mentioned in the section of ‘Comparison between children of divo rce and intact families’, women’s standard of living is reduced by 29 % after divorce and absence of father can have negative influence on children more on boys than girls.Regarding studies on children’s maladjustment behaviour, Liner categorizes disorder behaviour as: ? action-out behaviour like hitting someone and being aggressive ? withdrawing behaviour: very quiet, sucking fingers, restricted behaviour ? defensive behaviour: lying, ignoring ? disorganised behaviour: escaping from reality Similarly, Wickman describes behaviour of children with adjustment disorder as: ? immoral, dishonest, in resistance to authority, stealer, cheater, disobedient, rude and rebellious ? often violates regulation of class, careless, loses interest in study, negligent and trustless? exaggerated and offensive personality ? unsociable, overly sensitive, and liar Based on experience, as a teacher of young children, those from divorced families have lower academic achievement, are so cially isolated, overly sensitive, either humiliate themselves or boast and show negative behaviour in class. Specifically, their academic grade is poorer than it used to be and they do not try to socialize with others in class. Further, they often seem absent-minded and tend to change their mood easily.If they are scolded for not doing their homework or asked to answer something they do not know, they use violent language in response. They also suffer from headache and easily get tired. This behaviour of children can also be explained by Rotter’s theory of locus of control. Locus of control refers to how individuals attribute the cause of their behaviour to internal or external forces. In applying to children of divorced families, children who have internal locus of control believe that if their parents are divorced, it is their fate.Therefore these children are able to handle any difficulties and feel less psychological distress. In contrast, children who have external locu s of control believe that if they do not perform well in school, they tend to blame external factors such as parental divorce rather than blame themselves. Hence, these children are likely to suffer from severe distress than those who have internal locus of control. When elementary school children experience parents’ divorce, they can become aggressive and develop sense fear and sorrow.Some children also imagine reunion of their parents. And they also explain that children’s school behaviour depend on how they are treated at home. As per experience, the relationship between custodial parent and the child seem to have a large impact. Prior research says that the relationship between the behaviour of custodial parents and children’s school adjustment illustrate that the attitude of custodial parents has large influence on children’s school achievement. Mothers’ affection can influence enormously on developing children’s social skills.From moth er-child relationship, children learn responsibility, self-control and social skills, hence, hostile attitude towards children can act as hindrance in developing social skills. Therefore one can learn that the attitude of custodial parent becomes important factor which influence children’s school adjustment. Personal Experience with Children from Divorced Families Case study 1 Two years ago, I was teaching young Korean children ages 8 to 11. Before I started teaching, I was briefly explained about the behaviour of several children by their tutors.A couple of them were from divorced families. I had a difficulty in handling one particular child called J, who was 11 years old at that time. According to his tutor, his parents were divorced recently and as a result, he enrolled in this school. I did not know the reason of his parents’ divorce but his mother was diagnosed with cancer. The tutor was the custodial parent of J. My first impression on J in class was that he was very loud and also it became a routine for him not to do his homework and turn up late in class.He became aggressive and tried to embarrass me by making ridiculous comments when scolded about his behaviour. On one occasion, J had a fight with another boy in class. J actually stabbed this boy with a pencil during break time. Although it was a minor injury, parents of both boys had to be called in and J’s tutor tried to make both boys talk about why it happened. But they did not say a word. Since J’s mother was sick, his grandmother came instead, apologizing for her grandson’s action. Nonetheless, explanation of J’s grandmother helped me to understand his behaviour.J became difficult to control since his parents’ divorce. He was furious with the fact that his father left his sick mother for another woman. His grade from previous school was average but with the change of family environment, he was achieving lower grade. However, considering he was fai rly new to the school, he seemed to socialize with other boys easily and seemed to lead them as well. I have also noticed that when he was not being loud or seeking attention in my class, he would sit absent-minded and continuously shake his leg. Besides being aggressive he was probably feeling insecure as well.In the period immediately following the divorce, J’s mother’s ability to be a good parent probably declined and became more inconsistent in disciplining her son due to her illness. J’s reaction towards his parent’s divorce is all mentioned in past studies by Anthony (1974), Hoyt et al. (1990), Kurdekrikberg (1987), Liner (1976), Wickman (1987) where action-out behaviour was most apparent in his behaviour when he had stabbed a boy with a pencil and his reaction also showed that he was very aggressive, as Lee (1993) suggested that children of divorce can become aggressive.J’s behaviour of making comments in class also shares Hyatt (1999)â€⠄¢s findings of making irrelevant comments in class. J had also developed anger towards his father because he had left his mother when she was sick and Kurdekriberg (1987) mentioned that some children may develop wrath towards one parent after divorce. As illustrated in Lee (1993), Kurdekriberg (1987) and Weitzman (1985)’s study, J’s academic grade declined and exhibited withdrawing behaviour (1976) such as shaking his leg in class.He was also spotted lost in thoughts in class sitting completely absent-minded and this can refer to what Liner (1976) called disorganized behaviour that J probably wanted to escape from this painful reality of his. Case study 2 Another child called B, age 10, in my class, also experienced parents divorce. I got to know B’s background through a homework I assigned in class. Unlike J, her parents were divorced when B had just turned 5 and at that time, none of her parents were willing to look after her. Therefore she was left under the care of her grandparents in her mother’s side for a few years.And then, she joined her mother at the age of 9 who was by then re-married and had children of their own. Being with her mother’s also meant moving to another school, hence everything was new to her. Despite the change of the environment, she seemed to have adjusted herself well in school life. She had her own circle of friends and she was also active and lively during class and there was not much change in her school grade. I also noticed her suck fingers during class. One day, I assigned the whole class to write about their parents because it was soon to be Parents’ Day in Korea.Surprisingly, B did not do her home. To be exact, she actually refused to do it because she said there was nothing to talk about and as she was saying this, she was almost in tears. Then she explained her family background and she was ashamed of it. She mentioned that her mother and stepfather hardly gave her any affection and treated her as a burden, hence in order to avoid them, B spent most of her time in her room when she was home. For B, the school was some kind of a safe zone and because of her positive attitude in class, I never thought that she was unhappy at home.In my opinion, B was putting all her energy into school life to forget about troubles at home. It was obvious that B had the most difficulty in adapting to step-parenting and remarriage and what made it worse was that she hardly knew her mother either. So confronting her mother and step father was a great distress for B. Unlike J, B’s behaviour was not very noticeable in school. It seems that in B’s case, her difficult situation acted as a driving force to concentrate in her school life.This is because she had hardly any affection from her mother that she probably had with her teachers and friends, whom she can trust and rely on as it is mentioned in Goldman, Rosenzweig & Lutter (1980) that girls from divorced families tend to see school as a supporting place. Both J and B suffered from painful memories and feelings of helplessness but how they reacted to the situation differed extremely although they both showed what Liner (1976) called sign of withdrawing behaviour: shaking leg and sucking fingers.There could be many factors which caused these differences. For example, J and B’s age difference, their gender and economic stature of their parents. Since J’s mother had an illness, they probably suffered severely from economic loss in comparison with B’s situation. And the fact that B’s parents were divorced years before J’s parents, could be another reason which caused adjustment difference in school. Last but not the least, attitude of custodial parent could be another reason.Although J’s behaviour problem seemed more serious than B’s, J probably had more attention from his mother where as in B’s case, she was not suffering from the fact that her parents were divorced but suffered from trying to adapt herself to step-parenting and remarriage. From J’s and B’s cases, it is evident that their behaviours were strongly influenced by family variables. Although J received much affection from his mother, he probably felt rejected from his father and B felt rejected from his mother. Although they were both influenced by family variables, J’s reaction was much more noticeable than B.Boys create more behavioural problems than girls, hence the influence of gender differences is also apparent in this study which is known as a demographic difference. It is clear that both J and B need support from educators. Although B is able to cope with this new challenge of living with a mother who she does not know well and adapting to step-parenting by herself, without professional help, it may trigger problems in her adolescence. It is the same for J’s case. If he does not receive appropriate help form educators, h e is likely to continue with delinquent behaviour or associate with antisocial friends in the future.Therefore it is vital that they are supported with affection so that they grow into a reasonably competent person. Conclusions This paper studies the behaviour of children from divorced families by studying the prospective relationship demonstrated and certain family experiences and school adjustment of two children I taught in Korea. Although past studies show that children from divorced families are in danger for developing negative behaviour and experience academic decline, due to increasing rate of divorce, the differences in the behaviour of children of divorced and children from intact families are getting smaller.It may be that children from divorced families are having difficulties, these are not as important as the factors that cause these differences. What I learn from these two children is that being a party to their parents’ divorce is a very difficult transition f or their age. There are many factors which may cause children’s school adjustment disorder and student J and B responded differently, owing to gender differences and new family situations. Therefore, children from divorced families, including J & B, should receive appropriate support both from parents and educators until they adjust to their new living arrangements.This will help them develop intellectually and socially in the same way as their peers from intact families do. Not only the support of parents is needed but teachers need to become more aware of children’s feelings in class. I, for one, am being considerate to children from divorced families in assigning homework such as writing letter to parents. Discussing different family situations, including single parenting and remarriage, will help children of intact families develop more awareness and respect towards children of divorced.Teachers can also spend more time with children from divorced families to under stand their feelings and perhaps suggest advice if necessary. This personal attention can help children to reduce any negative behaviour which children may exhibit as a result of parent divorce. In summary, on the basis of the findings of this study, it is suggested that educators should consider any factor that may influence children’s behaviour and conduct appropriate program in order to help them.