How to Use the Italian Verb Avere

Besides being a foundational verb in its own right, the Italian verb avere, or to have in English, has a particularly important role in Italian as an auxiliary verb. This second-conjugation irregular verb facilitates—together with partner essere—all compound tenses of all modes of all verbs: avere for many transitive and intransitive verbs, and essere for reflexive verbs, verbs of movement, and many other intransitive verbs as well. You would not be able to say that you ate a sandwich (ho mangiato un panino), you slept well (ho dormito bene!), you loved your dog (ho voluto molto bene al mio cane), or that you had hoped to learn Italian (avevo sperato di imparare litaliano!) without the verb avere (together, of course, with past participles). Here, though, we want to tell you about the other special ways in which the verb avere is fundamental to the expression of living in Italian. Expressing a Feeling Avere is used to express a series of important feelings, many of which are rendered in English with the verb to be or to feel and that are used very frequently. At the top of the list is the expression of a desire to do something: avere voglia di, or non avere voglia di. For example: Ho voglia di mangiare una pizza (I feel like eating a pizza); non abbiamo voglia di andare al cinema (we dont feel like going to the movies); mia figlia non ha voglia di andare a scuola (my daughter doesnt feel like going to school). Avere voglia is subtly different from wanting or volere: a bit less resolved, more temporary and a bit capricious. You also use avere to express your age: Ho dodici anni (I am 12 years old), or mia nonna ha cento anni (my grandmother is 100). Here are the other most important ones: Avere freddo to be cold Fuori ho freddo. Outside I am cold. Avere caldo to be hot Dentro ho caldo. Inside I am hot. Avere sete to be thirsty Ho sete! I am thirsty! Avere fame to be hungry Abbiamo fame! We are hungry! Avere paura di to be afraid Ho paura del buio. I am afraid of the dark. Avere sonno to be sleepy I bambini hanno sonno. The children are sleepy. Avere fretta to be in a hurry Ho fretta: devo andare. I am in a hurry: I need to go. Avere bisogno di to be in need of Ho bisogno di un dottore. I need a doctor. Avere torto to be wrong Hai torto. You are wrong. Avere ragione to be right Ho sempre ragione. I am always right. Avere piacere di to be pleased Ho piacere di vederti. I am pleased to see you. Italian Idioms Besides expressions of feeling, avere is used in a long list of idiomatic expressions, called locuzioni in Italian. Our trusty Italian dizionari are full of them. Here we do not cite the many that use avere literally and are similar to English (to have in mind or to have a screw loose), but this is a good sampling of the most interesting and frequently used: avere del matto (del buono, del cattivo) to seem a bit crazy (or good, or bad) avere l'aria di to seem (give off the air of) avere la borsa piena to be rich (have a full purse) avere caro to hold (something) dear avere su (addosso) to have on (wear) avere (or non avere) a che vedere to have something to do with avere nulla da spartire to have nothing in common with somebody avere a che dire to have something to say avere (or non avere) a che fare con to have something to do with something or somebody avere a mente to remember avere a cuore to hold dear avere importanza to be important avere luogo to take place avere inizio to begin avere presente to picture something clearly in one's mind avere (qualcuno) sulla bocca to talk about someone often avere per la testa to have something in one's head avere da fare to be busy avere le madonne to be in a bad mood avere l'acquolina in bocca to salivate/to have a watering mouth avere la meglio/la peggio to best/to lose avere occhio to watch out/to have a good eye avere le scatole piene to be fed up avere (qualcuno) sullo stomaco to dislike someone avere il diavolo addosso to be fidgety avere (qualcosa) per le mani to be dealing with something avere cura di to take care of someone or something averla a male to be offended avere in odio to hate avere un diavolo per capello to be furious (to have a devil for each hair) Non Ci Ho Voglia! Avere is sometimes expressed in speaking as averci: You will hear people say, ci ho fame, or ci ho sonno, or ci ho voglia (spoken as if the ci and ho were connected through a soft h, like the English sound ch, though they are not, and in fact we know that ch is a hard sound like k). The ci is a pronominal particle on top of the already present noun. It is technically not correct but frequently said (though definitely not written). Regional Uses: Tenere as Avere A note about tenere in relation to avere: In Southern Italy tenere is often used in the place of avere. You hear people say, tengo due figli (I have two children) and even tengo fame (I am hungry), or tengo trentanni (I am 30 years old). This is a widespread but regional use of the verb. The verb tenere means to hold, keep, maintain, hold onto.

After quantifying the love and the degree of passion a...

After quantifying the love and the degree of passion a couple may exhibit, Anne Peplau, research professor of psychology at UCLA, concluded that the survival and longevity of homosexual relationships parallels, perhaps even surpasses, that of heterosexual associations (Garnets and Kimmel 450). Moreover, homosexual male individuals exhibit greater arousal, characterized as â€Å"homoeroticism,† by male sexual stimuli than heterosexual males by female coital stimuli. In 1869, Hungarian physician Karoly Marie Benkert initially coined the label homoeroticism as â€Å"a scientifically neutral, nonjudgemental, descriptive term for same-sex intimacy,† despite its later connotation as â€Å"a crime against nature† (Levant and Pollack 367). Almost three centuries†¦show more content†¦Depending upon his or her intentions, â€Å"they can make it sound noisy as a carnival, or eager, simple or melodious, or quarrelsome like children† (Brown 77). In its origina l performances, men playing women, even women disguised as men, as in Viola assuming the identity of Caesario, added to the comedic ambiguity of the characters and their intended identities. To a certain extent, stage direction and execution thereby contributes to the overall impact of the play on the audience. Weaving his plot about the romanticism between individuals of the same gender, although quite contradictory to their perceived sexual orientation, Shakespeare contrasts the woes of contemporary society with his established reality of Illyria. Straying from the common description of dramatic irony as â€Å"the two-tiered thinking that occurs when the audience knows something that one or more of the characters do not† (O’Brien et al. 100), Victor Freeburg, Columbia University analyst and author of Disguise Plots in Elizabethan Drama, defines the term as â€Å"a change of personal appearance, which leads to mistaken identity† (Freeburg 2). In accordance with the latter, with regard to Caesario, the male identity Viola assumes, a change of attire or appearance redefines her social standing and, as a result, her competence. Olivia’sShow MoreRelatedFruit Tree Diversity And Fruit Consumption9708 Words   |  39 PagesChapter 4: Fruit tree diversity and fruit consumption in the context of deforestation in Cameroon 1. INTRODUCTION The world has been confronted with serious difficulties in curbing down the rate of undernourishment especially in sub-Sahara Africa (Vinceti et al., 2013, Arnold et al., 2011, Goenster et al., 2011). In developing countries, the livelihood and food security of smallholder land users are often at risk from unpredictable harvests, land degradation and climate change (Paumgarten and ShackletonRead MoreFruit and Hydroponics1030 Words   |  5 Pagesfor green and healthy looking leaves on the plants. We have no idea what the results might be, so this should be an exciting experiment. 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Agricultural Subsidies and Development Free Essays

1. The removal agricultural tariffs and subsides, according to Oxfam, would benefit developed nations because their consumers would benefit from lower domestic agricultural prices and the elimination of the taxes they must pay in order to support the subsidies. The producers in the developed world would lose this government protection from competition as well as the financial incentives. We will write a custom essay sample on Agricultural Subsidies and Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now I believe there would be a net benefit from changing our agricultural policy because: ? The government program distorts a functioning market. A functioning market allows capital (investment) to flow where it can gain the highest return. If a good or product can be produce more efficiently outside of the United States, the producer and consumer benefit. The benefit to the consumer in lower prices, improved product quality and lower taxes, helps the US economy by increasing the consumer’s buying power. The higher purchasing power changes the US consumers’ outlook on their personal wealth, and thereby their future spending. The so-called wealth effect occurs when consumers’ perception of their finances allow them to spend more of their income. This higher propensity to consume by US consumers should offset the loss of domestic spending on agricultural products. ? The increase of trade also enables the more efficient producer to reciprocate in buying products or services from the US where we have a competitive advantage. Therefore, in addition to the gain in consumer spending from the improvement of consumer purchasing power, the US will gain additionally from purchases from their new trade relationship. 2. I believe that removing agricultural tariffs and subsidies will help the citizens of the world’s poorest nations. As one UN official has noted. â€Å"It’s no good building up roads clinics, and infrastructure in poorer areas if you don’t give them access to markets and engines for growth. † Increasing demand for their products will allow their economy to expand. The increase of employment, and thereby their domestic consumer spending, will have a similar effect as I described above. The higher income will spur domestic spending for other local goods and services. The net effect will be increased domestic wealth, expansion of their consumer spending, and thereby the local economy. Unfortunately foreign aid is frequently poorly managed, although necessary. The most effective program is one that enables the local economy to produce a product or service that is demanded by consumers (locally and / or internationally). 3. Historically government programs protected our agricultural business by creating the necessary supports to make farming a sustainable business. Today developed nations continue to lavish extensive support on agricultural producers in spite of the fact that the agricultural production in most developed countries is self sufficient. In the US, the agricultural industry in many states has a very powerful political lobby. Both political parties will agree to support government subsidies in order to win the support of the agricultural lobbies. The politicians often claim that their motive is to preserve a historic rural lifestyle, and they see subsidies as a way of achieving that goal. This sentiment is still believed by many voters, as some small farms do exist, but the vast amount of the $300 billion in subsidies per year go major agricultural businesses. Perhaps one reason why this is overlooked is due to the efficiency of US agriculture. The highly efficient businesses in most developed counties produce products at historically low prices. Today’s US consumer spends less than 10% of their income on food. As food prices rises, due to the falling US dollar, and the growing global economy increases demand for food products, we may be forced to spend more of income on food, and then the focus on the agricultural subsidies and tariffs may get more attention. How to cite Agricultural Subsidies and Development, Papers

Communication Technology and True Real GDP †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Communication Technology and True Real GDP. Answer: Introduction In a globalized world, nations become increasingly interrelated with each other. Interaction among nations is not only in terms of visible trade but also in terms of invisible trade that is trade of services. The relation becomes stronger when countries make investment in each other market, loan give abroad and capital repayment. The cross border transaction and hence international relationship becomes an integral part of globe. National generally benefitted from transaction take place on international platform. In the process, the dependency among nations increases especially for small nations. The small here not only points to the geographical size but to the economic power. The greater economic power a country has, the more it has impact on other nations. One such economy having considerable global power is USA. The single nation has control over many nations, comparatively small sized. USA and Australia are two nations sharing a strong economic relation. They traded goods and services and invests significant amount on each other market. However, Australia is comparatively small size as compared to USA. For this reason, many commentators opine that USA can have large impact on Australian economy. When real GDP in USA changes then there are possibilities that is causes an expansion and contraction of Australian economy. Many related factors here needs to be considered such as trend in et export, movement if exchange rate or interest rate. The report examines this assertion in light of economic theories and historical data. Defining economic relation; USA and Australia There are many large economic players impacting on global scenario through their fiscal, monetary and international monetary framework. United States of America and Australia are two such nations that are two dominating player in the international world. Apart from their impact on other nations these two nations share political shared political and socio economic relation with each other. Goods and services are traded and there are both way flows of funds between nations. The international relationship established between the nations went on stronger day by day signifying an economic dependence (Dowding and Martin 2017). USA ranks fourth in the list of Australias importers. Goods from Australia overflow Australia market and contribute to job growth in Australia. In return, Australia also imported considerable amount of goods and services from USA. This shows the mutually beneficial trade relation between the USA and Australia. The bilateral trade agreement between USA and Australia t hat came into effect on 2005 strengthen the relationship between nations. USA always maintains a positive trade balance in trade with Australia. USA is second largest importer of Australia. The trade agreement removes all the trade barriers such as tariff, quota and other restrictions. Therefore, all the hurdles of trade between nations eliminated further strengthening the trade relation. The FDI from USA to Australia has significant impact on Australias economy. The funds flow from Australia to abroad the largest share is acquired by USA. The productive investments positively contribute to growth and prosperity of both the nations. Australia has a favorable business environment attracting foreign funds. US firms operate in Australia for over 100 years and generate jobs for many Australian (Mukulu, Hettihewa and Wright 2014). International trade relation and resulted dependency is an interesting area of research. The above section shoes relation between Australia and USA in Terms of visible and invisible trade and relation and capital investment. The friendly relation between the nations is one reason for assuming the dependency on each other. USA, for its relatively large size of the economy influences many economies. The growing trade and investment relation is suggests an obvious dependence between the nations. This belier resulted in an ongoing debate. There are one group of commentators believing that international relation exits in terms of economic dependence. Hence, when GDP of USA changes is causes a change in economy of Australia causing expansion or contraction of the economy. However, many do not believe that. GDP of a nation depend on a number of factors. Therefore, considering only GDP as an indicator of dependence does not got give right assertion. Flow of investment, net export, movement of exchange rate and interest rate are factors that need to be considered. Historical data for a significantly long period are considered for evaluation. Real GDP Analysis; Australia and USA Real GDP resents values of final goods and services using market values of a fixed base year(Bernanke, Antonovics and Frank 2015). GDP for USA and Australia are considered for the period 1985 to 2016. The similarity in GDP movement indicates a relationship between nations. However, as there are several factors influencing GDP no firm conclusion can be made from this analysis (Welfens and Perret 2014). This is only a starting point if the analysis. The above figure shows some similarity in GDP movement between USA and Australia. The GDP in USA is higher than Australia over the entire period. The intensity of fluctuation is grater for USA than that for Australia. In 1991, GDP of both the nation declined from the previous year. The grow rate in USA was -3% to -4% while that in Australia was -1% to -2% (Lindert and Williamson 2016). GDP in Australia peaked up to 3% in 1997 in Australia. I the corresponding year USA also experiences a high growth rate where growth rate exceeds 5% . Again in 2000-2002 growth rate of both the nations falls and accounted growth rat almost same for both the nations. The accounted growth rate during this time is just below 0%. The similar growth trend is observed in 2003-2004. During 2008, USA experienced great recession that affects the GDP and GDP in USA fell to -8% to 9%. Australia in this time also faced a negative rate of growth. However, the growth rate is not that much lower than USA. The growth rate in Australia in that year was between 0 to -1% (Abdullah 2017). Therefore, analysis of GDP indicates some common point of fluctuation. Every year United States made major investment go to in Australia. Australia received significant investment assistance from USA. The share of investment grows overtime. Investment in an economy is an important determinant of growth and productivity (Hirst, Thompson and Bromley 2015). Therefore, major share of USAs investment shows Australia growth dependence on Australia. In the list of countries where Australia invests United states is in the top position. The large size and economic power of United States attract foreign funds in USA. Australia Foreign investment is determined by the prevailing interest rate in the economy. A high and stable interest rate attracts foreign funds in the domestic country. It ensures a stable return to the invested assets. Higher the internal stability in the economy greater is the securities of the funds invested in the nation (Rousseau and Wachtel 2017). The interest dynamics are shown in the following figure Interest rate of both the nation has undergone with fluctuation in different periods. However, interest rate is higher in USA that that in Australia and it remains higher overtime. The high interest rate in Australia attracts more funds (Summers 2014.). However, viewing the benefits from relation with a powerful nation countries make investment in USA and hence, USA received foreign funds. Net export and exchange rate Year Export Import Net Export 1985 5,440.40 2,836.30 2,604.10 1986 5,551.10 2,627.70 2,923.40 1987 5,494.80 3,005.50 2,489.30 1988 6,972.90 3,541.40 3,431.50 1989 8,331.30 3,872.90 4,458.40 1990 8,537.70 4,446.60 4,091.10 1991 8,403.80 3,988.00 4,415.80 1992 8,875.90 3,687.60 5,188.30 1993 8,276.70 3,297.30 4,979.40 1994 9,780.60 3,202.10 6,578.50 1995 10,789.10 3,323.00 7,466.10 1996 12,008.40 3,868.90 8,139.50 1997 12,062.90 4,602.30 7,460.60 1998 11,917.50 5,387.00 6,530.50 1999 11,818.30 5,280.10 6,538.20 2000 12,482.40 6,438.00 6,044.40 2001 10,930.50 6,477.80 4,452.70 2002 13,084.90 6,478.80 6,606.10 2003 13,087.60 6,413.70 6,673.90 2004 13,957.90 7,545.50 6,412.40 2005 15,588.50 7,342.20 8,246.30 2006 17,545.70 8,204.00 9,341.70 2007 19,178.20 8,615.00 10,563.20 2008 22,218.60 10,588.80 11,629.80 2009 19,599.30 8,011.50 11,587.80 2010 21,804.60 8,582.90 13,221.70 2011 27,626.20 10,242.90 17,383.30 2012 31,161.40 9,566.80 21,594.60 2013 26,123.70 9,272.60 16,851.10 2014 26,681.70 10,697.30 15,984.40 2015 25,034.10 10,883.50 14,150.60 2016 22,159.70 9,509.90 12,649.80 (Source: state.gov 2017 ) The above table represents trade dynamics between USA and Australia. The export , import and trade balances are expressed. USA maintains a positive trade balance. The export from USA is greater than that it import from Australia. The growth rate of export is higher than the growth rate of import. The volume of export in 1985 was 5440.40 that becomes 22, 159.70 in 2016. The import on the other hand boosted at a significantly slower pace (Rachel and Smith 2015). Import volume in 1985 was 2836.30 while that become only 9509.90 in 2016. As a result, the trade balance grows at a faster pace. Net export grows from 2,604.10 to 12,649.80 in between 1985 to 2016. The related aspect of trade is the movement of exchange rate. An increase in exchange rate means depreciation of domestic currency. In this time importing from other countries become expensive while export grows as the goods of the concerned countries seem cheaper to foreign countries. A decrease in the exchange rate means appreciation of the domestic currencies (Giljum et al. 2014). During this time, import grows as import becomes cheaper and export slows down as goods becomes dearer fir the foreigners. The exchange rate determines the trade volume largely. Above figure explains movement if exchange rate of US dollar in respect of Australian dollar. The exchange rates of US dollar against the Australian dollar more or less goes down. This means a depreciation of US dollar, which encourages export from USA to Australia (Tukker et al. 2014). This provides support to the fact that export from USA to Australia increases overtime. Great recession in USA and its impact on Australia If there are strong relation between Australia and USA and string interdependence then the great recession that intensively affect USA should have similar kind of impact on Australian economy as well. The great recession in Australia took place in 2008 due to sub-prime mortgage and crisis in the housing market (Apergis 2014). Because of a low and volatile interest rate the bubbles build in the housing market suddenly burst affecting USA economy on a broad spectrum. The large size of USA economy makes the crisis to trickle down to other nations as well. Housing price goes down in USA during this time (Hansen 2015). The economy of Australia escapes from this recession on a surprising manner. The housing market is Australia remain stable. Interest rate in Australia did not constitute and sudden downfall. In the housing market of USA and other contemporary nations, inflation adjusted prices went up (Reboredo, Rivera-Castro and Zebende 2014). While Australia had showed an upward trend in housing prices as contrasting to other nation and the general assertion. There is no change major change in Australias performance trend. One factor is that apart from USA, Australia builds is international relationship with other nations as well (Ball 2014). There are trade relation and investment relation among Australia and other nations. This helps the nation to mitigate risk generated from USA recession. When a nation engaged in multilateral trade relation then the vulnerability to shock to any one trading partners automatically reduces. Additionally, Australia grows stronger overtime. Different sectors of the economy are now performing well and hence provide security to the growth and development of the nation (Yilmazer, Babiarz and Liu 2015). The financial sector of Australia is one such sector that shows outstanding performance and rescues the economy from shocks and recession occurred in USA. Conclusion The report critically evaluates the relation between USA and Australia. Relation builds on international platform has implication for growth and development of a nation. The interrelation often implies when country is in growing or declining phase of growth then related nations are affected from this. One such assertion is made about relation between Australia and USA. The belief here is that the Real GDP movement in USA causes expansion or contraction of Australia economy. In order to validate the statement, historical data on real GDP for both the nation are first considered. From the analysis there turn out some common fluctuation point between USA and Australia. However, the common points are not enough for drawing any conclusion. Foreign investment flows from both the nations are next indicators to be considered. The statistics shows that USA is the major investors of Australia. Similarly, Australia also invests as much as possible in USA. In fact, the lion share of Australia fu nd is invested in USA. Related aspect of investment is the dynamics of interest rate. Interest rate in Australia is higher and less volatile attracting foreign funds for the economy. The trade volume between USA and Australia rises overtime and USA maintains a positive trade balance. The exchange rate movement between US dollar and Australian dollar though volatile but decreasing in nature, raising the export flow from USA to Australia. Finally, the impact of great recession in USA on Australian economy is analyzed. The effect of great recession in USA has an ambiguous impact of Australia. Therefore, the claim cannot be completely supported and the relation dynamics remains versatile. References Abdullah, A.B.M., 2017. Introduction. InManaging the Psychological Contract(pp. 1-22). Springer International Publishing. Apergis, N., 2014. Can gold prices forecast the Australian dollar movements?.International Review of Economics Finance,29, pp.75-82. Ball, L.M., 2014.Long-term damage from the Great Recession in OECD countries(No. w20185). National Bureau of Economic Research. Bernanke, B., Antonovics, K. and Frank, R., 2015.Principles of macroeconomics. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Data.worldbank.org. (2017).Real interest rate (%) | Data. [online] Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FR.INR.RINR?end=2016locations=AU-USstart=1984 [Accessed 21 Sep. 2017]. Dowding, K. and Martin, A., 2017. Introduction. InPolicy Agendas in Australia(pp. 1-10). Springer International Publishing. Fred.stlouisfed.org. (2017).U.S. / Australia Foreign Exchange Rate. [online] Available at: https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/DEXUSAL#0 [Accessed 21 Sep. 2017]. Giljum, S., Dittrich, M., Lieber, M. and Lutter, S., 2014. Global patterns of material flows and their socio-economic and environmental implications: a MFA study on all countries world-wide from 1980 to 2009.Resources,3(1), pp.319-339. Hansen, P.H., 2015. Hall of mirrors: the great depression, the great recession, and the usesand Misusesof History.Business History Review,89(3), pp.557-569. Hirst, P., Thompson, G. and Bromley, S., 2015.Globalization in question. John Wiley Sons. Lindert, P.H. and Williamson, J.G., 2016. Unequal gains: American growth and inequality since 1700.Juncture,22(4), pp.276-283. Mukulu, S., Hettihewa, S. and Wright, C.S., 2014. Financial Contagion: An Empirical Investigation of the Relationship Between Financial-stress Indexes of Australia and the US.The Journal of Applied Business and Economics,16(3), p.11. Rachel, L. and Smith, T., 2015. Secular drivers of the global real interest rate. Reboredo, J.C., Rivera-Castro, M.A. and Zebende, G.F., 2014. Oil and US dollar exchange rate dependence: A detrended cross-correlation approach.Energy Economics,42, pp.132-139. Rousseau, P.L. and Wachtel, P. eds., 2017.Financial Systems and Economic Growth. Cambridge University Press. Summers, L.H., 2014. US economic prospects: Secular stagnation, hysteresis, and the zero lower bound.Business Economics,49(2), pp.65-73. Tukker, A., Bulavskaya, T., Giljum, S., de Koning, A., Lutter, S., Simas, M., Stadler, K. and Wood, R., 2014. The global resource footprint of nations.Carbon, water, land and materials embodied in trade and final consumption calculated with EXIOBASE,2, p.8. U.S. Department of State. (2017).Australia. [online] Available at: https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2698.htm [Accessed 21 Sep. 2017]. Welfens, P.J. and Perret, J.K., 2014. Information communication technology and true real GDP: economic analysis and findings for selected countries.International Economics and Economic Policy,11(1-2), pp.5-27. Yilmazer, T., Babiarz, P. and Liu, F., 2015. The impact of diminished housing wealth on health in the United States: Evidence from the Great Recession.Social science medicine,130, pp.234-241.

Communication Technology and True Real GDP †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Communication Technology and True Real GDP. Answer: Introduction In a globalized world, nations become increasingly interrelated with each other. Interaction among nations is not only in terms of visible trade but also in terms of invisible trade that is trade of services. The relation becomes stronger when countries make investment in each other market, loan give abroad and capital repayment. The cross border transaction and hence international relationship becomes an integral part of globe. National generally benefitted from transaction take place on international platform. In the process, the dependency among nations increases especially for small nations. The small here not only points to the geographical size but to the economic power. The greater economic power a country has, the more it has impact on other nations. One such economy having considerable global power is USA. The single nation has control over many nations, comparatively small sized. USA and Australia are two nations sharing a strong economic relation. They traded goods and services and invests significant amount on each other market. However, Australia is comparatively small size as compared to USA. For this reason, many commentators opine that USA can have large impact on Australian economy. When real GDP in USA changes then there are possibilities that is causes an expansion and contraction of Australian economy. Many related factors here needs to be considered such as trend in et export, movement if exchange rate or interest rate. The report examines this assertion in light of economic theories and historical data. Defining economic relation; USA and Australia There are many large economic players impacting on global scenario through their fiscal, monetary and international monetary framework. United States of America and Australia are two such nations that are two dominating player in the international world. Apart from their impact on other nations these two nations share political shared political and socio economic relation with each other. Goods and services are traded and there are both way flows of funds between nations. The international relationship established between the nations went on stronger day by day signifying an economic dependence (Dowding and Martin 2017). USA ranks fourth in the list of Australias importers. Goods from Australia overflow Australia market and contribute to job growth in Australia. In return, Australia also imported considerable amount of goods and services from USA. This shows the mutually beneficial trade relation between the USA and Australia. The bilateral trade agreement between USA and Australia t hat came into effect on 2005 strengthen the relationship between nations. USA always maintains a positive trade balance in trade with Australia. USA is second largest importer of Australia. The trade agreement removes all the trade barriers such as tariff, quota and other restrictions. Therefore, all the hurdles of trade between nations eliminated further strengthening the trade relation. The FDI from USA to Australia has significant impact on Australias economy. The funds flow from Australia to abroad the largest share is acquired by USA. The productive investments positively contribute to growth and prosperity of both the nations. Australia has a favorable business environment attracting foreign funds. US firms operate in Australia for over 100 years and generate jobs for many Australian (Mukulu, Hettihewa and Wright 2014). International trade relation and resulted dependency is an interesting area of research. The above section shoes relation between Australia and USA in Terms of visible and invisible trade and relation and capital investment. The friendly relation between the nations is one reason for assuming the dependency on each other. USA, for its relatively large size of the economy influences many economies. The growing trade and investment relation is suggests an obvious dependence between the nations. This belier resulted in an ongoing debate. There are one group of commentators believing that international relation exits in terms of economic dependence. Hence, when GDP of USA changes is causes a change in economy of Australia causing expansion or contraction of the economy. However, many do not believe that. GDP of a nation depend on a number of factors. Therefore, considering only GDP as an indicator of dependence does not got give right assertion. Flow of investment, net export, movement of exchange rate and interest rate are factors that need to be considered. Historical data for a significantly long period are considered for evaluation. Real GDP Analysis; Australia and USA Real GDP resents values of final goods and services using market values of a fixed base year(Bernanke, Antonovics and Frank 2015). GDP for USA and Australia are considered for the period 1985 to 2016. The similarity in GDP movement indicates a relationship between nations. However, as there are several factors influencing GDP no firm conclusion can be made from this analysis (Welfens and Perret 2014). This is only a starting point if the analysis. The above figure shows some similarity in GDP movement between USA and Australia. The GDP in USA is higher than Australia over the entire period. The intensity of fluctuation is grater for USA than that for Australia. In 1991, GDP of both the nation declined from the previous year. The grow rate in USA was -3% to -4% while that in Australia was -1% to -2% (Lindert and Williamson 2016). GDP in Australia peaked up to 3% in 1997 in Australia. I the corresponding year USA also experiences a high growth rate where growth rate exceeds 5% . Again in 2000-2002 growth rate of both the nations falls and accounted growth rat almost same for both the nations. The accounted growth rate during this time is just below 0%. The similar growth trend is observed in 2003-2004. During 2008, USA experienced great recession that affects the GDP and GDP in USA fell to -8% to 9%. Australia in this time also faced a negative rate of growth. However, the growth rate is not that much lower than USA. The growth rate in Australia in that year was between 0 to -1% (Abdullah 2017). Therefore, analysis of GDP indicates some common point of fluctuation. Every year United States made major investment go to in Australia. Australia received significant investment assistance from USA. The share of investment grows overtime. Investment in an economy is an important determinant of growth and productivity (Hirst, Thompson and Bromley 2015). Therefore, major share of USAs investment shows Australia growth dependence on Australia. In the list of countries where Australia invests United states is in the top position. The large size and economic power of United States attract foreign funds in USA. Australia Foreign investment is determined by the prevailing interest rate in the economy. A high and stable interest rate attracts foreign funds in the domestic country. It ensures a stable return to the invested assets. Higher the internal stability in the economy greater is the securities of the funds invested in the nation (Rousseau and Wachtel 2017). The interest dynamics are shown in the following figure Interest rate of both the nation has undergone with fluctuation in different periods. However, interest rate is higher in USA that that in Australia and it remains higher overtime. The high interest rate in Australia attracts more funds (Summers 2014.). However, viewing the benefits from relation with a powerful nation countries make investment in USA and hence, USA received foreign funds. Net export and exchange rate Year Export Import Net Export 1985 5,440.40 2,836.30 2,604.10 1986 5,551.10 2,627.70 2,923.40 1987 5,494.80 3,005.50 2,489.30 1988 6,972.90 3,541.40 3,431.50 1989 8,331.30 3,872.90 4,458.40 1990 8,537.70 4,446.60 4,091.10 1991 8,403.80 3,988.00 4,415.80 1992 8,875.90 3,687.60 5,188.30 1993 8,276.70 3,297.30 4,979.40 1994 9,780.60 3,202.10 6,578.50 1995 10,789.10 3,323.00 7,466.10 1996 12,008.40 3,868.90 8,139.50 1997 12,062.90 4,602.30 7,460.60 1998 11,917.50 5,387.00 6,530.50 1999 11,818.30 5,280.10 6,538.20 2000 12,482.40 6,438.00 6,044.40 2001 10,930.50 6,477.80 4,452.70 2002 13,084.90 6,478.80 6,606.10 2003 13,087.60 6,413.70 6,673.90 2004 13,957.90 7,545.50 6,412.40 2005 15,588.50 7,342.20 8,246.30 2006 17,545.70 8,204.00 9,341.70 2007 19,178.20 8,615.00 10,563.20 2008 22,218.60 10,588.80 11,629.80 2009 19,599.30 8,011.50 11,587.80 2010 21,804.60 8,582.90 13,221.70 2011 27,626.20 10,242.90 17,383.30 2012 31,161.40 9,566.80 21,594.60 2013 26,123.70 9,272.60 16,851.10 2014 26,681.70 10,697.30 15,984.40 2015 25,034.10 10,883.50 14,150.60 2016 22,159.70 9,509.90 12,649.80 (Source: state.gov 2017 ) The above table represents trade dynamics between USA and Australia. The export , import and trade balances are expressed. USA maintains a positive trade balance. The export from USA is greater than that it import from Australia. The growth rate of export is higher than the growth rate of import. The volume of export in 1985 was 5440.40 that becomes 22, 159.70 in 2016. The import on the other hand boosted at a significantly slower pace (Rachel and Smith 2015). Import volume in 1985 was 2836.30 while that become only 9509.90 in 2016. As a result, the trade balance grows at a faster pace. Net export grows from 2,604.10 to 12,649.80 in between 1985 to 2016. The related aspect of trade is the movement of exchange rate. An increase in exchange rate means depreciation of domestic currency. In this time importing from other countries become expensive while export grows as the goods of the concerned countries seem cheaper to foreign countries. A decrease in the exchange rate means appreciation of the domestic currencies (Giljum et al. 2014). During this time, import grows as import becomes cheaper and export slows down as goods becomes dearer fir the foreigners. The exchange rate determines the trade volume largely. Above figure explains movement if exchange rate of US dollar in respect of Australian dollar. The exchange rates of US dollar against the Australian dollar more or less goes down. This means a depreciation of US dollar, which encourages export from USA to Australia (Tukker et al. 2014). This provides support to the fact that export from USA to Australia increases overtime. Great recession in USA and its impact on Australia If there are strong relation between Australia and USA and string interdependence then the great recession that intensively affect USA should have similar kind of impact on Australian economy as well. The great recession in Australia took place in 2008 due to sub-prime mortgage and crisis in the housing market (Apergis 2014). Because of a low and volatile interest rate the bubbles build in the housing market suddenly burst affecting USA economy on a broad spectrum. The large size of USA economy makes the crisis to trickle down to other nations as well. Housing price goes down in USA during this time (Hansen 2015). The economy of Australia escapes from this recession on a surprising manner. The housing market is Australia remain stable. Interest rate in Australia did not constitute and sudden downfall. In the housing market of USA and other contemporary nations, inflation adjusted prices went up (Reboredo, Rivera-Castro and Zebende 2014). While Australia had showed an upward trend in housing prices as contrasting to other nation and the general assertion. There is no change major change in Australias performance trend. One factor is that apart from USA, Australia builds is international relationship with other nations as well (Ball 2014). There are trade relation and investment relation among Australia and other nations. This helps the nation to mitigate risk generated from USA recession. When a nation engaged in multilateral trade relation then the vulnerability to shock to any one trading partners automatically reduces. Additionally, Australia grows stronger overtime. Different sectors of the economy are now performing well and hence provide security to the growth and development of the nation (Yilmazer, Babiarz and Liu 2015). The financial sector of Australia is one such sector that shows outstanding performance and rescues the economy from shocks and recession occurred in USA. Conclusion The report critically evaluates the relation between USA and Australia. Relation builds on international platform has implication for growth and development of a nation. The interrelation often implies when country is in growing or declining phase of growth then related nations are affected from this. One such assertion is made about relation between Australia and USA. The belief here is that the Real GDP movement in USA causes expansion or contraction of Australia economy. In order to validate the statement, historical data on real GDP for both the nation are first considered. From the analysis there turn out some common fluctuation point between USA and Australia. However, the common points are not enough for drawing any conclusion. Foreign investment flows from both the nations are next indicators to be considered. The statistics shows that USA is the major investors of Australia. Similarly, Australia also invests as much as possible in USA. In fact, the lion share of Australia fu nd is invested in USA. Related aspect of investment is the dynamics of interest rate. Interest rate in Australia is higher and less volatile attracting foreign funds for the economy. The trade volume between USA and Australia rises overtime and USA maintains a positive trade balance. The exchange rate movement between US dollar and Australian dollar though volatile but decreasing in nature, raising the export flow from USA to Australia. Finally, the impact of great recession in USA on Australian economy is analyzed. The effect of great recession in USA has an ambiguous impact of Australia. Therefore, the claim cannot be completely supported and the relation dynamics remains versatile. References Abdullah, A.B.M., 2017. Introduction. InManaging the Psychological Contract(pp. 1-22). Springer International Publishing. Apergis, N., 2014. Can gold prices forecast the Australian dollar movements?.International Review of Economics Finance,29, pp.75-82. Ball, L.M., 2014.Long-term damage from the Great Recession in OECD countries(No. w20185). National Bureau of Economic Research. Bernanke, B., Antonovics, K. and Frank, R., 2015.Principles of macroeconomics. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Data.worldbank.org. (2017).Real interest rate (%) | Data. 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